Dynamic Characteristic Simulation and Research on 27.5kV Permanent Magnet Actuator for Vacuum Circuit Breaker
With the rapidly development of electrical railway and the raised speed of electric engine, it requires more and more higher quality and reliability of railway power supply system. As a controlling and protecting equipment of vacuum circuit breaker, the reliability of opening and closing operation has great influence on power supply system. The key factor affects vacuum circuit breaker reliability is the operation of the actuator’s reliability. As a kind of new vacuum circuit breaker, the new operating principle is adopted by Permanent Magnetic Actuator (PMA), in which, the electromagnetism actuator and Permanent Magnet (PM) are rationally combined, The mechanical tripping Neodymium Magnets and locking devices of conventional actuator have been eliminated; the main moving part remains one, So the PMA parts are decreased by 50% comparison with conventional spring actuator. Structure and the parts have been largely simplified; the reliability of mechanical system has been greatly increased. Thus, to develop 27.5kV vacuum circuit breaker with permanent magnetic actuator becomes more significant.27.5kV vacuum circuit breaker with PMA has longer separation and needs faster opening and closing speed, it’s more difficult to develop. So to research the dynamic characteristic becomes more meaningful for improving the performance of vacuum circuit breaker. In this work, the static characteristics of the permanent magnetic actuator are obtained using the finite element model with use http://www.999magnet.com of Ansoft software package. Next, the electrical circuit and mechanical models which describe the behavior of the circuit breaker are constructed using MATLAB package. The dynamistic characteristics are simulated on the basis of over static simulation. And results for the time variations of the coil current, the displacement of the contact system, move velocity and electromagnetic force are obtained. Finally, the testing plant is designed and the experiment is conducted in order to evaluate veracity of the simulation, it is indicated that simulation results coincide well with the experiment.
2012年9月29日星期六
2012年9月25日星期二
H_∞ Robust Control Based on Recurrent Neural Network of Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor
H_∞ Robust Control Based on Recurrent Neural Network of Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor
Permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) servo system is a dynamic complex nonlinear system with high precision and fast response characteristics. Its main performances are the tracking ability of the input command and rejection ability of the disturbances (including influence of parameter variations, model error and exterior destabilizations). An H_∞robust controller based on local feedback recurrent neural network (RNN) in this thesis is proposed for the position tracking control of PMLSM.First of all, using MATLAB/SIMULINK, a general position tracking simulation model of PMLSM controlled by space vector PWM is established based on the analysis and Block Neodymium magnets research of PMLSM and its vector control principle. Afterwards, the simple and practical RNN for real-time control is proposed to estimate the dynamic mapping of lumped element uncertainty. Based on the online parameter training result of RNN, the quadric form function of the H_∞robust controller is chosen and the performances of stabilizing the closed loop are obtained by the back propagation method, which not only equips the proposed controller with strong robustness under large perturbation of load and system parameters but also increases the learning capability of the RNN. The proposed http://www.999magnet.com method is capable of tracking both step and sinusoidal input command. The tracking performances are ensured in the cases of parameter variations, external disturbance and RNN estimation error once a H_∞performance requirement is achieved. Finally, contrasted with the H_∞robust controller integrated IP controller, simulated in three cases(no destabilizations, intestine destabilizations, exterior destabilizations), the simulated results show that the system has good robustness, fast response characteristic, and rejection ability of the large parameter change and large external disturbance.
Permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) servo system is a dynamic complex nonlinear system with high precision and fast response characteristics. Its main performances are the tracking ability of the input command and rejection ability of the disturbances (including influence of parameter variations, model error and exterior destabilizations). An H_∞robust controller based on local feedback recurrent neural network (RNN) in this thesis is proposed for the position tracking control of PMLSM.First of all, using MATLAB/SIMULINK, a general position tracking simulation model of PMLSM controlled by space vector PWM is established based on the analysis and Block Neodymium magnets research of PMLSM and its vector control principle. Afterwards, the simple and practical RNN for real-time control is proposed to estimate the dynamic mapping of lumped element uncertainty. Based on the online parameter training result of RNN, the quadric form function of the H_∞robust controller is chosen and the performances of stabilizing the closed loop are obtained by the back propagation method, which not only equips the proposed controller with strong robustness under large perturbation of load and system parameters but also increases the learning capability of the RNN. The proposed http://www.999magnet.com method is capable of tracking both step and sinusoidal input command. The tracking performances are ensured in the cases of parameter variations, external disturbance and RNN estimation error once a H_∞performance requirement is achieved. Finally, contrasted with the H_∞robust controller integrated IP controller, simulated in three cases(no destabilizations, intestine destabilizations, exterior destabilizations), the simulated results show that the system has good robustness, fast response characteristic, and rejection ability of the large parameter change and large external disturbance.
First Principles Calculation of Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors and Rare Earth Permanent Magnets
First Principles Calculation of Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors and Rare Earth Permanent Magnets
In this thesis, traditional and novel diluted magnetic semiconductors have beenstudied using first principles calculation based on density functional theory (DFT). Theeffects of doping on magnetic properties of rare earth permanent magnet have also beenstudied. The thesis is arranged as follows:Firstly, some basic knowledge of Spintronics and diluted magnetic semiconductor(DMS)are introduced. A brief history of development of DMS is also presented. As thetheoretic foundation of this thesis, basic description of first principles calculation basedon density functional theory is also included in the first part of this thesis.Secondly, electronic structures of Co doped ZnO is studied based on DFT. It is foundthat the ferromagnetic ground state is stabilized by its half-metal band structure. Usingthe coupling strength from DFT, Monte Carlo simulation indicates Curie Segment neodymium magnets temperatureabove room temperature for higher doping concentration.Thirdly, Cu doped AlN, a novel DMS free of magnetic cation, is introduced.
WhenCu is doped into AlN, it becomes spin-polarized and couple with each other ferromagneti-cally through p-d exchange mechanism. By comparison, we predict a Curie temperatureabove room temperature for this system.Fourthly, Ag doped GaN, another novel DMS with half-metallicity and strong ferro-magnetism, is also introduced. Ag dopants become spin polarized when substitutionallyincorporated into GaN and induce finite magnetic moments which render a ferromagneticground state in the host GaN semiconductor. Ag-doped GaN has a half metallic bandstructure with conduction holes in the minority spin channel. At the same concentration,Ag-doped GaN has a much stronger ferromagnetic coupling than that of 3d TM dopedone. Thus, a lower dopant concentration can induce room temperature ferromagnetismfor Ag, which allows to alleviate the clustering problem in http://www.999magnet.com traditional DMSs.Finally, the effects of doping on magnetic properties in YCo5-xFex and YCo5-xAgxsystems are investigated. We find: (1) The doping changes the volume and the shapeof the cell. (2) The magnetic moments of Co atoms show a transition from a high spinstate to a low spin state as a function of the volume of the cell in all YCo5, YCo3Fe2 andYCo3Ag2 alloys. (3) The change of c/a ratio also influences the magnetic moments andthe MAE drastically with constant lattice parameter a. (4) With the same geometrystructure, for YCo5-xFex, the total magnetic moment as a function of the number of doped magnetic atoms Fe appears a maximum peak at x=4. The magnetic moments ofCo atoms are little affected by Fe impurities. However, for Ag doping, the total magneticmoment declines linearly and Co atom shows the transition from a high spin state to alow spin state too.
In this thesis, traditional and novel diluted magnetic semiconductors have beenstudied using first principles calculation based on density functional theory (DFT). Theeffects of doping on magnetic properties of rare earth permanent magnet have also beenstudied. The thesis is arranged as follows:Firstly, some basic knowledge of Spintronics and diluted magnetic semiconductor(DMS)are introduced. A brief history of development of DMS is also presented. As thetheoretic foundation of this thesis, basic description of first principles calculation basedon density functional theory is also included in the first part of this thesis.Secondly, electronic structures of Co doped ZnO is studied based on DFT. It is foundthat the ferromagnetic ground state is stabilized by its half-metal band structure. Usingthe coupling strength from DFT, Monte Carlo simulation indicates Curie Segment neodymium magnets temperatureabove room temperature for higher doping concentration.Thirdly, Cu doped AlN, a novel DMS free of magnetic cation, is introduced.
WhenCu is doped into AlN, it becomes spin-polarized and couple with each other ferromagneti-cally through p-d exchange mechanism. By comparison, we predict a Curie temperatureabove room temperature for this system.Fourthly, Ag doped GaN, another novel DMS with half-metallicity and strong ferro-magnetism, is also introduced. Ag dopants become spin polarized when substitutionallyincorporated into GaN and induce finite magnetic moments which render a ferromagneticground state in the host GaN semiconductor. Ag-doped GaN has a half metallic bandstructure with conduction holes in the minority spin channel. At the same concentration,Ag-doped GaN has a much stronger ferromagnetic coupling than that of 3d TM dopedone. Thus, a lower dopant concentration can induce room temperature ferromagnetismfor Ag, which allows to alleviate the clustering problem in http://www.999magnet.com traditional DMSs.Finally, the effects of doping on magnetic properties in YCo5-xFex and YCo5-xAgxsystems are investigated. We find: (1) The doping changes the volume and the shapeof the cell. (2) The magnetic moments of Co atoms show a transition from a high spinstate to a low spin state as a function of the volume of the cell in all YCo5, YCo3Fe2 andYCo3Ag2 alloys. (3) The change of c/a ratio also influences the magnetic moments andthe MAE drastically with constant lattice parameter a. (4) With the same geometrystructure, for YCo5-xFex, the total magnetic moment as a function of the number of doped magnetic atoms Fe appears a maximum peak at x=4. The magnetic moments ofCo atoms are little affected by Fe impurities. However, for Ag doping, the total magneticmoment declines linearly and Co atom shows the transition from a high spin state to alow spin state too.
Investigation of Sensorless Control System for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on High Frequency Signal Injection Method
Investigation of Sensorless Control System for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on High Frequency Signal Injection Method
Electric Vehicle (EV) provides an effective way to cope with the energy crisis as well as environmental pollution problem, thus, it has gradually become an important direction for the development of transportation vehicles. Due to several advantages such as small cubage, great power density and high efficiency, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is widely used in drive system of EV. To further reduce the cost and complexity of drive system, sensorless control strong magnets strategies for PMSM need to be proposed urgently. Focused on those issues, a sensorless control system for PMSM based on high frequency signal injection method is designed and investigated in this thesis.First, basic principles of rotor position estimation using high frequency signal injection method are analyzed. System simulation model is established with Matlab/Simulink secondly.
Then, the whole software architecture for the sensorless control system is designed and subsequently developed based on TMS320LF2407 DSP. Furthermore, key techniques such as software implementation and selection of parameters are discussed in details to construct the delay-filter and Phase Locked Loop (PLL). After that, an experimental platform for an insert-type PMSM is established, based on which the proposed sensorless vector control approach is implemented and detailed experimental results are obtained. At last, various factors leading to estimate errors are analyzed, including multiple saliencies, inverter nonlinearity, current regulator, using filter. The analysis mainly focuses on how to decouple the stationary saliency to alleviate error fluctuation and how to tune http://www.chinamagnets.biz the PID parameters of current regulator to reduce the stationary error.Both simulation and experiment results demonstrate that the presented sensorless control system for PMSM can estimate the rotor position efficiently at wide speed-range, even at zero-speed operation. Furthermore, this technique has significant advantages such as strong robustness to parameter variation, easy implementation in practice, therefore, the technique can be applied to improve the performance of drive system of EV from a engineering point of view.
Electric Vehicle (EV) provides an effective way to cope with the energy crisis as well as environmental pollution problem, thus, it has gradually become an important direction for the development of transportation vehicles. Due to several advantages such as small cubage, great power density and high efficiency, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is widely used in drive system of EV. To further reduce the cost and complexity of drive system, sensorless control strong magnets strategies for PMSM need to be proposed urgently. Focused on those issues, a sensorless control system for PMSM based on high frequency signal injection method is designed and investigated in this thesis.First, basic principles of rotor position estimation using high frequency signal injection method are analyzed. System simulation model is established with Matlab/Simulink secondly.
Then, the whole software architecture for the sensorless control system is designed and subsequently developed based on TMS320LF2407 DSP. Furthermore, key techniques such as software implementation and selection of parameters are discussed in details to construct the delay-filter and Phase Locked Loop (PLL). After that, an experimental platform for an insert-type PMSM is established, based on which the proposed sensorless vector control approach is implemented and detailed experimental results are obtained. At last, various factors leading to estimate errors are analyzed, including multiple saliencies, inverter nonlinearity, current regulator, using filter. The analysis mainly focuses on how to decouple the stationary saliency to alleviate error fluctuation and how to tune http://www.chinamagnets.biz the PID parameters of current regulator to reduce the stationary error.Both simulation and experiment results demonstrate that the presented sensorless control system for PMSM can estimate the rotor position efficiently at wide speed-range, even at zero-speed operation. Furthermore, this technique has significant advantages such as strong robustness to parameter variation, easy implementation in practice, therefore, the technique can be applied to improve the performance of drive system of EV from a engineering point of view.
Analysis and Restraint of the Thrust Fluctuation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Linear Motor
Analysis and Restraint of the Thrust Fluctuation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Linear Motor
The application of linear motor has become more prevalent in the motor system than ever before, but the thrust fluctuation which exists in the linear motor affects the operation efficiency of the linear motor, so it is very necessary to analyze and restrain the thrust fluctuation.
This paper takes the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Linear Motor (PMSLM) as the research objective, and focuses on the thrust fluctuation of PMSLM and also analyzes and studies the compensation measure by means of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP).Firstly, this paper introduces the general structure and basic principle, and establishes the analytical Segment neodymium magnets model and the finite element model of the PMSLM to analyze the magnet field and the electromagnetic force. According to the analysis of the operation principle, the character of electromagnetic force and the thrust fluctuation of PMSLM, this paper points out the effect of horizontal thrust on motor performance and presents the main reasons of thrust fluctuation of PMSLM in details: the on-off of armature core and edge effect caused by the discontinuity of stator winding edge arrange; the ripple undulation caused by the non-sine of primary current and primary opposite electromotive force; the ripple undulation caused by the property of magnetic steel and the influence of its distribution; the cogging effect caused by the air-gap permeance between the stator and the active cell.Secondly, based on the theories about the thrust fluctuation, the restraining measure related to specific effect elements are listed in details.
Because of the kinds of elements which are connected with and influenced on each other, this paper gets the weight of each element by the means of http://www.999magnet.com Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, and on the basis of the analyzing results, gives out the indemnifying measure especially: such as improving the efficiency of the magnetic steel, optimizing the magnetic field and the counter-electromotive force, increasing the width of slot and changing the length of active cell to decrease the cogging effect, etc.Lastly, after optimizing the structure and the magnetic circuit of the motor, magnetic field and the wave of the primary opposite electromotive force and thrust fluctuation are measured in experiment. The experimental results show that these methods are valid and feasible, and the aims of decreasing thrust fluctuation is reached and the good performance is achieved.
The application of linear motor has become more prevalent in the motor system than ever before, but the thrust fluctuation which exists in the linear motor affects the operation efficiency of the linear motor, so it is very necessary to analyze and restrain the thrust fluctuation.
This paper takes the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Linear Motor (PMSLM) as the research objective, and focuses on the thrust fluctuation of PMSLM and also analyzes and studies the compensation measure by means of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP).Firstly, this paper introduces the general structure and basic principle, and establishes the analytical Segment neodymium magnets model and the finite element model of the PMSLM to analyze the magnet field and the electromagnetic force. According to the analysis of the operation principle, the character of electromagnetic force and the thrust fluctuation of PMSLM, this paper points out the effect of horizontal thrust on motor performance and presents the main reasons of thrust fluctuation of PMSLM in details: the on-off of armature core and edge effect caused by the discontinuity of stator winding edge arrange; the ripple undulation caused by the non-sine of primary current and primary opposite electromotive force; the ripple undulation caused by the property of magnetic steel and the influence of its distribution; the cogging effect caused by the air-gap permeance between the stator and the active cell.Secondly, based on the theories about the thrust fluctuation, the restraining measure related to specific effect elements are listed in details.
Because of the kinds of elements which are connected with and influenced on each other, this paper gets the weight of each element by the means of http://www.999magnet.com Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, and on the basis of the analyzing results, gives out the indemnifying measure especially: such as improving the efficiency of the magnetic steel, optimizing the magnetic field and the counter-electromotive force, increasing the width of slot and changing the length of active cell to decrease the cogging effect, etc.Lastly, after optimizing the structure and the magnetic circuit of the motor, magnetic field and the wave of the primary opposite electromotive force and thrust fluctuation are measured in experiment. The experimental results show that these methods are valid and feasible, and the aims of decreasing thrust fluctuation is reached and the good performance is achieved.
Numerical Calculation of Temperature Fields of Large and Medium Permanent Magnet Motor
Numerical Calculation of Temperature Fields of Large and Medium Permanent Magnet Motor
The shortage of energy sources is an important problem that we faced with nowadays, and the scholar at home and abroad more and more attached importance to the technique of energy-saving. The electric power energy is a kind of secondary energy sources, as we all know, the motor consume mostly of the electricity, the high efficiency and energy-saving are always the goal that we pursue in the electrical engineering designing and developing. Simple in Alnico magnets structure, small in volume, light in mass, low in loss, high in efficiency, and flexible in shape and size, Permanent Magnet (PM) motor is widely used in industry and agriculture, aviation and spaceflight, national defense and our daily life. With the development of electric machine manufacturing, the unit capacity of PM motor is increasing gradually and technical and economic target improved greatly, which made loss of motor in unit volume increasing obviously and result in temperature in each part of motor rising. Thus the longevity of motor and operational reliability is affected. The practical operation of large-scale PM motor is a very complicated physics phenomenon. To describe this physical process exactly, it is necessary to http://www.999magnet.com analyze it from the angle of coupled multi-fields including electromagnetic fields, fluid fields and temperature fields. In this paper, the electromagnetic fields and temperature fields of PM motor are studied by the numerical calculation in FEM, the theoretically analyzed model is developed and calculation method is provided, which are of important significance for the design and optimization of PM motor.
The shortage of energy sources is an important problem that we faced with nowadays, and the scholar at home and abroad more and more attached importance to the technique of energy-saving. The electric power energy is a kind of secondary energy sources, as we all know, the motor consume mostly of the electricity, the high efficiency and energy-saving are always the goal that we pursue in the electrical engineering designing and developing. Simple in Alnico magnets structure, small in volume, light in mass, low in loss, high in efficiency, and flexible in shape and size, Permanent Magnet (PM) motor is widely used in industry and agriculture, aviation and spaceflight, national defense and our daily life. With the development of electric machine manufacturing, the unit capacity of PM motor is increasing gradually and technical and economic target improved greatly, which made loss of motor in unit volume increasing obviously and result in temperature in each part of motor rising. Thus the longevity of motor and operational reliability is affected. The practical operation of large-scale PM motor is a very complicated physics phenomenon. To describe this physical process exactly, it is necessary to http://www.999magnet.com analyze it from the angle of coupled multi-fields including electromagnetic fields, fluid fields and temperature fields. In this paper, the electromagnetic fields and temperature fields of PM motor are studied by the numerical calculation in FEM, the theoretically analyzed model is developed and calculation method is provided, which are of important significance for the design and optimization of PM motor.
Research on Control Strategies of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Servo System
Research on Control Strategies of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Servo System
Servo systems are ever-increasingly utilized in many fields, including industrial controllers and household appliances. Meanwhile, higher control performance of servo products with lower cost is also a subject of great interest world widely. Digital controlled AC Neodymium Magnets servo system, using PMSM as power converter, controlled by DSP with advanced control strategies, is a trend.With the theory and characteristics of PMSM vector control analyzed, and the FOC strategy employing i_d =0 chosen, the control scheme of PMSM servo system by SVPWM is established with three-close-loop regulators. The simulation model is built in Matlab/Simulink, and the result of PI controller validates the control strategies. After analyzing the mathematical model of PMSM, This paper presents an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller for PMSM servo system’s nonlinearity and uncertainty. The validity and feasibilities of this method are proved by simulation results. The comparison http://www.999magnet.com of PI controller and adaptive fuzzy sliding controller indicates that the adaptive fuzzy sliding controller has better stability for parametric variations and load disturbance. When the adaptive control is depressed, the robustness against load disturbance is worse. That verifies the importance of adaptive control against load disturbance.The servo system’s experiment platform is based on the hardware of Freescale DSP56F8357, and the software design is accomplished in Codewarrior integrated development environment. The results from PC master verify the validity and practicality of the investigation
Servo systems are ever-increasingly utilized in many fields, including industrial controllers and household appliances. Meanwhile, higher control performance of servo products with lower cost is also a subject of great interest world widely. Digital controlled AC Neodymium Magnets servo system, using PMSM as power converter, controlled by DSP with advanced control strategies, is a trend.With the theory and characteristics of PMSM vector control analyzed, and the FOC strategy employing i_d =0 chosen, the control scheme of PMSM servo system by SVPWM is established with three-close-loop regulators. The simulation model is built in Matlab/Simulink, and the result of PI controller validates the control strategies. After analyzing the mathematical model of PMSM, This paper presents an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller for PMSM servo system’s nonlinearity and uncertainty. The validity and feasibilities of this method are proved by simulation results. The comparison http://www.999magnet.com of PI controller and adaptive fuzzy sliding controller indicates that the adaptive fuzzy sliding controller has better stability for parametric variations and load disturbance. When the adaptive control is depressed, the robustness against load disturbance is worse. That verifies the importance of adaptive control against load disturbance.The servo system’s experiment platform is based on the hardware of Freescale DSP56F8357, and the software design is accomplished in Codewarrior integrated development environment. The results from PC master verify the validity and practicality of the investigation
A Study on the Bearingless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on H_∞ Control Theory
A Study on the Bearingless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on H_∞ Control Theory
The bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor is easier to achieve high speed and big power than normal motors because its rotor suspending. And it has extensive applied foreground in the cleanness domain because it avoids rub and pollute. The bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor is a system with many variables and strong coupling. Considering the coupling between the torque and suspension subsystem, and the coupling between X direction and Y neodymium magnets direction, the controller must be robust and adapt to MIMO system. The H∞controller is robust for the system under disturbance and system parameter variations if the three weight functions are selected properly.A H∞regular based on the mixed sensitivity method is designed for the speed subsystem of a PM type bearingless motor in this paper, and the model order of the controller is reduced based on the balanced realization. The result of the simulation and experiment show the controller can ensure the stable error within 1r/min and the motor with strong robustness under disturbance and system parameters variations. A H∞controller for the suspension subsystem of a bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor is designed, and the responses of the bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor under disturbance and system parameters perturbation are investigated by simulation model. Simulation http://www.chinamagnets.biz results and the comparison with the effect of the PID controller show that the H∞controller is able to ensure the system with strong robustness and excellent disturbance attenuation performance.Controllers for the suspension subsystem are designed according to LQG/LTR control theory, H2/ H∞control theory and H2 control theory. Simulation verified the design.
The bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor is easier to achieve high speed and big power than normal motors because its rotor suspending. And it has extensive applied foreground in the cleanness domain because it avoids rub and pollute. The bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor is a system with many variables and strong coupling. Considering the coupling between the torque and suspension subsystem, and the coupling between X direction and Y neodymium magnets direction, the controller must be robust and adapt to MIMO system. The H∞controller is robust for the system under disturbance and system parameter variations if the three weight functions are selected properly.A H∞regular based on the mixed sensitivity method is designed for the speed subsystem of a PM type bearingless motor in this paper, and the model order of the controller is reduced based on the balanced realization. The result of the simulation and experiment show the controller can ensure the stable error within 1r/min and the motor with strong robustness under disturbance and system parameters variations. A H∞controller for the suspension subsystem of a bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor is designed, and the responses of the bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor under disturbance and system parameters perturbation are investigated by simulation model. Simulation http://www.chinamagnets.biz results and the comparison with the effect of the PID controller show that the H∞controller is able to ensure the system with strong robustness and excellent disturbance attenuation performance.Controllers for the suspension subsystem are designed according to LQG/LTR control theory, H2/ H∞control theory and H2 control theory. Simulation verified the design.
Research on the Speed-adjustment System for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Research on the Speed-adjustment System for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
As the technology in power electronics, micro-electronics, new materials and the modern theories of motor control develop, the inevitable trend is that AC speed-adjustment replaces DC speed-adjustment. PMSM has the advantages of small size, light weight, high efficiency and rotor without fever problem; Speed-adjustment system made up of PMSM has the advantages Ball Neodymium Magnets of simple control method, good low-speed performance and good performance-price ratio. These advantages make PMSM widely used in servo field in which performance requirements of stable state and dynamic response are high. Speed-adjustment for PMSM is the research object in this paper.Firstly, from the unified theory of motor and vector control theory, the mathematical model of PMSM on the two-phase rotor synchronous rotating coordinate is introduced and the rotor flux-oriented control strategy is applied. Analysis of current feedback decoupling method and SVPWM is followed.Secondly, according to design experience of DC speed-adjustment system, the double closed-loop http://www.chinamagnets.biz controllers are designed for PMSM speed-adjustment system. As the value of the speed controller parameter is linear with system inertia, the model reference adaptive system inertia identification algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is verified by simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and a simulation conclusion is obtained.Thirdly, the system hardware and software design is introduced, including hardware circuit, tasks of program module, flow charts and variable handling, etc.Finally, the wave-forms of the speed loop are presented. The experimental results verify the correctness of the controller design and show that the system has good dynamic performance and stable performance.
As the technology in power electronics, micro-electronics, new materials and the modern theories of motor control develop, the inevitable trend is that AC speed-adjustment replaces DC speed-adjustment. PMSM has the advantages of small size, light weight, high efficiency and rotor without fever problem; Speed-adjustment system made up of PMSM has the advantages Ball Neodymium Magnets of simple control method, good low-speed performance and good performance-price ratio. These advantages make PMSM widely used in servo field in which performance requirements of stable state and dynamic response are high. Speed-adjustment for PMSM is the research object in this paper.Firstly, from the unified theory of motor and vector control theory, the mathematical model of PMSM on the two-phase rotor synchronous rotating coordinate is introduced and the rotor flux-oriented control strategy is applied. Analysis of current feedback decoupling method and SVPWM is followed.Secondly, according to design experience of DC speed-adjustment system, the double closed-loop http://www.chinamagnets.biz controllers are designed for PMSM speed-adjustment system. As the value of the speed controller parameter is linear with system inertia, the model reference adaptive system inertia identification algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is verified by simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and a simulation conclusion is obtained.Thirdly, the system hardware and software design is introduced, including hardware circuit, tasks of program module, flow charts and variable handling, etc.Finally, the wave-forms of the speed loop are presented. The experimental results verify the correctness of the controller design and show that the system has good dynamic performance and stable performance.
Study of Disk Coreless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Wedgy Airgap Based on Halbach
Study of Disk Coreless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Wedgy Airgap Based on Halbach
As one part of the national project 863(2004AA32G080), text concentrates on the design and magnetic field analysis of disk coreless PMSM with wedgy airgap based on Halbach. As a high performance servo-motor, there are many characteristics of low mass, compact structure, low noise, low moment of inertia, small electromechanical time constant, neodymium magnets steady running status in low speed in the disk coreless PMSM with wedgy airgap. As a perfect driving device, it could be used in many fields, such as numerical control machine, robot, electric vehicle, home appliance and so on.To optimize the motor, disk coreless PMSM with wedgy airgap based on Halbach is developed in text, making good use of the outer diameter. The magnetic flux density of this motor is heightened to obtain better performance by changing the structure of airgap. The coreless PMSM with wedgy airgap is analyzed by FEM. The FEM analysis has been done to prove that the method reducing the open domain into the smallest domain can obtain the results approximate to the accurate results. So the intention of simplification is achieved.There are many differences in structure between the disk coreless PMSM with wedgy airgap and traditional PMSM.
There are no cores in the magnetism circuit except PMs. Leak magnetism circuit is very complex especially when the structure of wedgy airgap adopted causes magnetism circuit asymmetric. The calculation method of the disk coreless PMSM is also different from the traditional one. Several typical formulas are given in the text. The design method of disk coreless PMSM with wedgy airgap based on Halbach array is summed up and CAD software is compiled. In the technics, many difficulties are solved such as the inner/outer rotor structure technics, the fixation of PMs, the winding’s perfusion, orientation and installation. And the special technics equipment for the machining of the disc motor must be taken into account. At last, the sampling motors of 250W and 2500W are designed and developed. Much experiment is made to prove that the performance of the disk coreless PMSM http://www.chinamagnets.biz with wedgy airgap is better than the traditional PMSM with same power.Because of the structure of coreless and the wedgy airgap, compared with the traditional PMSM, the mass is much lighter and the efficiency is higher and vibratory noise is obviously lowered. The disk coreless PMSM with wedgy airgap could be used in many fields, especially electric automobile, ship propeller, electric tool in hand, machine arm and so on.
As one part of the national project 863(2004AA32G080), text concentrates on the design and magnetic field analysis of disk coreless PMSM with wedgy airgap based on Halbach. As a high performance servo-motor, there are many characteristics of low mass, compact structure, low noise, low moment of inertia, small electromechanical time constant, neodymium magnets steady running status in low speed in the disk coreless PMSM with wedgy airgap. As a perfect driving device, it could be used in many fields, such as numerical control machine, robot, electric vehicle, home appliance and so on.To optimize the motor, disk coreless PMSM with wedgy airgap based on Halbach is developed in text, making good use of the outer diameter. The magnetic flux density of this motor is heightened to obtain better performance by changing the structure of airgap. The coreless PMSM with wedgy airgap is analyzed by FEM. The FEM analysis has been done to prove that the method reducing the open domain into the smallest domain can obtain the results approximate to the accurate results. So the intention of simplification is achieved.There are many differences in structure between the disk coreless PMSM with wedgy airgap and traditional PMSM.
There are no cores in the magnetism circuit except PMs. Leak magnetism circuit is very complex especially when the structure of wedgy airgap adopted causes magnetism circuit asymmetric. The calculation method of the disk coreless PMSM is also different from the traditional one. Several typical formulas are given in the text. The design method of disk coreless PMSM with wedgy airgap based on Halbach array is summed up and CAD software is compiled. In the technics, many difficulties are solved such as the inner/outer rotor structure technics, the fixation of PMs, the winding’s perfusion, orientation and installation. And the special technics equipment for the machining of the disc motor must be taken into account. At last, the sampling motors of 250W and 2500W are designed and developed. Much experiment is made to prove that the performance of the disk coreless PMSM http://www.chinamagnets.biz with wedgy airgap is better than the traditional PMSM with same power.Because of the structure of coreless and the wedgy airgap, compared with the traditional PMSM, the mass is much lighter and the efficiency is higher and vibratory noise is obviously lowered. The disk coreless PMSM with wedgy airgap could be used in many fields, especially electric automobile, ship propeller, electric tool in hand, machine arm and so on.
2012年9月21日星期五
Study on Synthesis of Co/Styrene and Performance of Polyketone
Study on Synthesis of Co/Styrene and Performance of Polyketone
Polyketone was prepared by the copolymerization of carbon monoxide (CO) and styrene (ST) has good mechanical strength and excellent performance in other areas. But its expensive price of catalyst constrained progress of the research. In this paper we studied the use of the recycling with the polymer-supported catalyst, in order to effectively lower the cost of the experiment;In order to improve the machined performance of the polyketone—STCO , the third monomer was added into copolymerization system of CO and styrene.The crosslinked polymer polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was synthesized by suspension polymerization using acrylonitrile (ANT) and divinylbenzene strong magnets (DVB). Effects of conditions on the polymerization of PAN particle size and stiffness were investigated. Polyketone was prepared by the copolymerization of carbon monoxide (CO) and styrene (ST) catalyzed by PAN resin-supported palladium acetate. The resin-supported catalyst and the copolymerization product were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Effects of components of catalytic system and reaction time on the catalytic activity were studied. The reusability of the resin-supported catalyst was also investigated.
Results indicated that the resin-supported catalyst has catalytic property and the mostest yield of polyketone was 6.2348g.The crosslinked polymer polystyrene was synthesized by suspension polymerization using styrene and divinylbenzene and the polymer-based chelating nitrogen ligands was synthesized from the polystyrene. Polyketone was prepared by the copolymerization of carbon monoxide (CO) and styrene (ST) catalyzed by polymer-based chelating nitrogen ligands resin-supported palladium acetate. The resin-supported catalyst and the copolymerization product were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Effects of components of catalytic system and reaction time on the catalytic activity were http://www.chinamagnets.biz studied. The reusability of the resin-supported catalyst was also investigated. The resin-supported catalyst has catalytic property when it had been used in 5th time. The yield of polyketone was 8.6606g when the amount of resin was 0.5g and the palladium acetate was 22.4mg. In order to improve the machined performance of the polyketone—STCO,the third monomer—methyl methacrylate was added into copolymerization system of CO and styrene. It was catalyzed by palladium acetate and rare earth multiplex catalyst system. The effect of amount of the third monomer—methyl methacrylate on the thermodynamics performance of the production was studied primary. The polymer was characterized by NMR、IR, DSC and TG. Result showed that the yield was the linear copolymer of carbon monoxide, styrene and methyl methacrylate. The machined performance was improved effectively after importing methyl methacrylate.
Polyketone was prepared by the copolymerization of carbon monoxide (CO) and styrene (ST) has good mechanical strength and excellent performance in other areas. But its expensive price of catalyst constrained progress of the research. In this paper we studied the use of the recycling with the polymer-supported catalyst, in order to effectively lower the cost of the experiment;In order to improve the machined performance of the polyketone—STCO , the third monomer was added into copolymerization system of CO and styrene.The crosslinked polymer polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was synthesized by suspension polymerization using acrylonitrile (ANT) and divinylbenzene strong magnets (DVB). Effects of conditions on the polymerization of PAN particle size and stiffness were investigated. Polyketone was prepared by the copolymerization of carbon monoxide (CO) and styrene (ST) catalyzed by PAN resin-supported palladium acetate. The resin-supported catalyst and the copolymerization product were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Effects of components of catalytic system and reaction time on the catalytic activity were studied. The reusability of the resin-supported catalyst was also investigated.
Results indicated that the resin-supported catalyst has catalytic property and the mostest yield of polyketone was 6.2348g.The crosslinked polymer polystyrene was synthesized by suspension polymerization using styrene and divinylbenzene and the polymer-based chelating nitrogen ligands was synthesized from the polystyrene. Polyketone was prepared by the copolymerization of carbon monoxide (CO) and styrene (ST) catalyzed by polymer-based chelating nitrogen ligands resin-supported palladium acetate. The resin-supported catalyst and the copolymerization product were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Effects of components of catalytic system and reaction time on the catalytic activity were http://www.chinamagnets.biz studied. The reusability of the resin-supported catalyst was also investigated. The resin-supported catalyst has catalytic property when it had been used in 5th time. The yield of polyketone was 8.6606g when the amount of resin was 0.5g and the palladium acetate was 22.4mg. In order to improve the machined performance of the polyketone—STCO,the third monomer—methyl methacrylate was added into copolymerization system of CO and styrene. It was catalyzed by palladium acetate and rare earth multiplex catalyst system. The effect of amount of the third monomer—methyl methacrylate on the thermodynamics performance of the production was studied primary. The polymer was characterized by NMR、IR, DSC and TG. Result showed that the yield was the linear copolymer of carbon monoxide, styrene and methyl methacrylate. The machined performance was improved effectively after importing methyl methacrylate.
Element Geochemical Behavior during the Ultrahigh-pressure Metamorphism
Element Geochemical Behavior during the Ultrahigh-pressure Metamorphism
The main hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project(CCSD) is located at Donghai,The 0～2050 m recovered cores in CCSD-MH are mainly comprised of eclogite, orthogneiss(granitic gneiss),paragneiss and ultramafic rock,and cumulate thickness of eclogite is about 1200 m.This UHP terrane were subducted to mantle and experienced ultral-high pressure metamorphism simultaneously,finally these UHP rocks were exhumed to the crust,These typical UHP rocks can provide critical information for element chemical behavior during the continental deep subduction.The eclogite form the hole have a very wide variation of major and trace element abundances,and have been classified into high-Si,high-Al,high-Ti,high Fe-Ti,high-Mg and normal types.On the basic of petrology,in this study,we collected these eclogite and garnet pyroxene,trace element compositions of UHP minerals in the eclogites and garnet pyroxenites are carefully analyzed by in situ LA-ICP-MS.Using these data together with whole-rock compositions of UHP rocks and major element compositions of UHP minerals,the Block Neodymium magnets authors discussed the distribution and partitioning of trace elements in various minerals,and the UHP metamorphic P-T conditions and the fluid-rocks interaction.The results show that LREE and Sr are mainly concentrated in apatite,epidote and omphacite,HREE are mainly concentrat
ed in garnet,LILE such as Ba and Rb are strongly partitioned in phengite,HFSE in rutile and ilmenite, V,Sc,Co and Ni in garnet and omphacite,while Zr and Hf in zircon.The study indicate that the trace element contents and their distribution pattern in UHP minerals are controlled by the whole rock compositions,the mineral assemblages and contents of the host rocks.In addition,the following conclusions are reached,the distributions of trace elements among UHP minerals are of mutual equilibrium,and the partition coefficients are very similar to those in mantle eclogites, and probably indicating that the peak-stage UHP metamorphic temperatures of eclogites were higher than 900～1000℃.some garnets from the high-Ti eclogite,high-Si eclogite and high Fe-Ti eclogite show obvious growth compositional zoning both in major and trace elements,suggesting that the host UHP rocks were very rapidly uplifted.Zr contents in eclogitic rutiles are not only controlled by the metamorphic temperature but also by other factors such as the Zr contents in the whole rocks and the compositional diffusion during the retrograde metamorphism,so the Zr-in-rutile geothermometer is not always credible.During the UHP http://www.999magnet.com metamorphism,supercritical silicate-rich aqueous fluids have resulted in major fractionation between Nb and Ta in rutiles,so that the eclogitic rutiles have superchondrite Nb/Ta value.Therefore,voluminous eclogites that had been subducted to the mantle depth provide probably a hidden reservoir with higher than chondrite Nb/Ta ratio in the Earth.The fluids in the various stages of retrogression of UHP eclogites are different in origin,composition and flow scale.The melts or fluids came from the phengite can interact with rocks and other minerals,so have been recorded by them.Combined study of Laser Raman spectroscopy,cathodoluminescene(CL) images and SHRIMP and LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating reveals that zircons separated from the eclogite in the main drill hole CCSD-MH retain magmatic core with inherited ages(206pb/238U) of 294～781Ma, indicating that the magmatic zircons of the protolith have a variety of sources,and partial loss of Pb from some zircons in the protolith.UHP mineral-bearing domains of zircons recorded 206～237Ma(206pb/238U) for the UHP metamorphic condition,with an weighted mean age of 220Ma.Magmatic zircons are characterized by high heavy rare earth element(HREE),Y,Th,U content,and high Th/U ratio,its chondrite normalized REE pattern are characterized by LREE strongly depleted,HREE strongly riched,with a minus Eu anomalies.Compared with the magmatic zircon,the UHP zircon domains are characterized by lower HREE,Y,Th,Nb composition,and lower Th/U ratio,and high Hf content,its chondrite normalized REE pattern are characterized by LREE strongly depleted,HREE gentle riched.
The main hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project(CCSD) is located at Donghai,The 0～2050 m recovered cores in CCSD-MH are mainly comprised of eclogite, orthogneiss(granitic gneiss),paragneiss and ultramafic rock,and cumulate thickness of eclogite is about 1200 m.This UHP terrane were subducted to mantle and experienced ultral-high pressure metamorphism simultaneously,finally these UHP rocks were exhumed to the crust,These typical UHP rocks can provide critical information for element chemical behavior during the continental deep subduction.The eclogite form the hole have a very wide variation of major and trace element abundances,and have been classified into high-Si,high-Al,high-Ti,high Fe-Ti,high-Mg and normal types.On the basic of petrology,in this study,we collected these eclogite and garnet pyroxene,trace element compositions of UHP minerals in the eclogites and garnet pyroxenites are carefully analyzed by in situ LA-ICP-MS.Using these data together with whole-rock compositions of UHP rocks and major element compositions of UHP minerals,the Block Neodymium magnets authors discussed the distribution and partitioning of trace elements in various minerals,and the UHP metamorphic P-T conditions and the fluid-rocks interaction.The results show that LREE and Sr are mainly concentrated in apatite,epidote and omphacite,HREE are mainly concentrat
ed in garnet,LILE such as Ba and Rb are strongly partitioned in phengite,HFSE in rutile and ilmenite, V,Sc,Co and Ni in garnet and omphacite,while Zr and Hf in zircon.The study indicate that the trace element contents and their distribution pattern in UHP minerals are controlled by the whole rock compositions,the mineral assemblages and contents of the host rocks.In addition,the following conclusions are reached,the distributions of trace elements among UHP minerals are of mutual equilibrium,and the partition coefficients are very similar to those in mantle eclogites, and probably indicating that the peak-stage UHP metamorphic temperatures of eclogites were higher than 900～1000℃.some garnets from the high-Ti eclogite,high-Si eclogite and high Fe-Ti eclogite show obvious growth compositional zoning both in major and trace elements,suggesting that the host UHP rocks were very rapidly uplifted.Zr contents in eclogitic rutiles are not only controlled by the metamorphic temperature but also by other factors such as the Zr contents in the whole rocks and the compositional diffusion during the retrograde metamorphism,so the Zr-in-rutile geothermometer is not always credible.During the UHP http://www.999magnet.com metamorphism,supercritical silicate-rich aqueous fluids have resulted in major fractionation between Nb and Ta in rutiles,so that the eclogitic rutiles have superchondrite Nb/Ta value.Therefore,voluminous eclogites that had been subducted to the mantle depth provide probably a hidden reservoir with higher than chondrite Nb/Ta ratio in the Earth.The fluids in the various stages of retrogression of UHP eclogites are different in origin,composition and flow scale.The melts or fluids came from the phengite can interact with rocks and other minerals,so have been recorded by them.Combined study of Laser Raman spectroscopy,cathodoluminescene(CL) images and SHRIMP and LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating reveals that zircons separated from the eclogite in the main drill hole CCSD-MH retain magmatic core with inherited ages(206pb/238U) of 294～781Ma, indicating that the magmatic zircons of the protolith have a variety of sources,and partial loss of Pb from some zircons in the protolith.UHP mineral-bearing domains of zircons recorded 206～237Ma(206pb/238U) for the UHP metamorphic condition,with an weighted mean age of 220Ma.Magmatic zircons are characterized by high heavy rare earth element(HREE),Y,Th,U content,and high Th/U ratio,its chondrite normalized REE pattern are characterized by LREE strongly depleted,HREE strongly riched,with a minus Eu anomalies.Compared with the magmatic zircon,the UHP zircon domains are characterized by lower HREE,Y,Th,Nb composition,and lower Th/U ratio,and high Hf content,its chondrite normalized REE pattern are characterized by LREE strongly depleted,HREE gentle riched.
腈氯纶多功能吸附纤维的制备及性能研究
腈氯纶多功能吸附纤维的制备及性能研究
Ion exchange fiber has bigger specific surface area and faster speed of exchange and elution than ion-exchange resin.It can be applied to the preparations of electronic pure water,medical water and biological agent,the purification of industrial sewage, adsorption of poisonous and mephitic gases,the carrier of catalysts,the recovery of heavy metals and rare-earth element and so on.It is a new type ion-exchange material with broad developing prospects.The researches of new ion exchange fiber with much more excellent adsorption capacity have been set store by many countries due to the enhancement of people’s environment protection.The wet-spun absorbable AN-VDC copolymer fibers containing various contents of activated carbon were produced via coagulation stragety,whereas the ion exchange AN-VDC copolymer fibers were obtained with aq-hydrazine and hydrolysis in basic solution successively.The ion exchange fiber thus prepared with actived carbon’s adsorption property has great exchange capacity,short regeneration time,long service life,stable adsorption decoloring and other advantages;and may be used widely in many fields.The experiment showed that the new fiber is a Segment neodymium magnet type of more effective sorbent compared with actived carbon and actived carbon fiber in treating complex pollution.The character of this new adsorption fiber unmodified and modified has been investigated by using Scanning Electronic Microscopy(SEM),Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC),X-ray Diffraction(XRD),Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis(IR), specific surface analyzer and absorption spectrophotometer etc.In addition,the adsorption behavior,adsorption process and principle have been also studied particularly.The conclusions are showed as follows.
On keeping the property of actived carbon intact the particle diameter suitable for spinning is about 0.8μm.In this experiment,the temperature of drawn bath 70℃, the temperature of coagulation bath 6-10℃,coagulation bath concentration 55wt% and spinning speed 3.33m/min are the best spinning parameters.The actived carbon are distributing in fiber uniformityly.The property of heat resistance has been improved after mixing actived carbon in fiber.Adsorption capacity and adsorption speed both decreased after mixing actived carbon in fiber.Not only the actived carbons distributing mainly on surface of the fiber exert adsorption effect,but in amorphous region in fiber http://www.chinamagnets.biz also exert adsorption effect.High Crystallization has low adsorption ability.By contrast,the orientation has little effect on adsorption.The pore and the micropore is the main factor to affect the adsorption capacity.The isothermal adsorption of actived carbon in fiber can be well described by Langmuir and Freundlich model.The effective diffusion coefficient Defof methyl orange in the actived carbon particle in polymer is 10-16.When the temperature is 50℃the fiber has good adsorption efficiency.The adsorption speed increase with the temperature rising.Entropy effectiveness is the main impetus of the actived carbon in fiber.The new fibers show a very high adsorption ability in the Pb2+and methylene blue co-existing solution.The maximum adsorption capacity of methylene blue and Pb2+ are 9.5mg.g-1and 487.8mg.g-1respectively.We initially think that the physical adsorption of actived carbon and ion exchange happened at the same time.It may be noticed that the chemical adsorption has great effect on physical adsorption.It has been found that Langmuir model is more fitable to describe the adsorption kinetic behavior than Freundlich on Pb2+on the obtained fibers.Also,Increasing the temperature may improve the fiber’s physical adsorption ability.The fibers have good adsorption efficiency when pH=7.
Ion exchange fiber has bigger specific surface area and faster speed of exchange and elution than ion-exchange resin.It can be applied to the preparations of electronic pure water,medical water and biological agent,the purification of industrial sewage, adsorption of poisonous and mephitic gases,the carrier of catalysts,the recovery of heavy metals and rare-earth element and so on.It is a new type ion-exchange material with broad developing prospects.The researches of new ion exchange fiber with much more excellent adsorption capacity have been set store by many countries due to the enhancement of people’s environment protection.The wet-spun absorbable AN-VDC copolymer fibers containing various contents of activated carbon were produced via coagulation stragety,whereas the ion exchange AN-VDC copolymer fibers were obtained with aq-hydrazine and hydrolysis in basic solution successively.The ion exchange fiber thus prepared with actived carbon’s adsorption property has great exchange capacity,short regeneration time,long service life,stable adsorption decoloring and other advantages;and may be used widely in many fields.The experiment showed that the new fiber is a Segment neodymium magnet type of more effective sorbent compared with actived carbon and actived carbon fiber in treating complex pollution.The character of this new adsorption fiber unmodified and modified has been investigated by using Scanning Electronic Microscopy(SEM),Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC),X-ray Diffraction(XRD),Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis(IR), specific surface analyzer and absorption spectrophotometer etc.In addition,the adsorption behavior,adsorption process and principle have been also studied particularly.The conclusions are showed as follows.
On keeping the property of actived carbon intact the particle diameter suitable for spinning is about 0.8μm.In this experiment,the temperature of drawn bath 70℃, the temperature of coagulation bath 6-10℃,coagulation bath concentration 55wt% and spinning speed 3.33m/min are the best spinning parameters.The actived carbon are distributing in fiber uniformityly.The property of heat resistance has been improved after mixing actived carbon in fiber.Adsorption capacity and adsorption speed both decreased after mixing actived carbon in fiber.Not only the actived carbons distributing mainly on surface of the fiber exert adsorption effect,but in amorphous region in fiber http://www.chinamagnets.biz also exert adsorption effect.High Crystallization has low adsorption ability.By contrast,the orientation has little effect on adsorption.The pore and the micropore is the main factor to affect the adsorption capacity.The isothermal adsorption of actived carbon in fiber can be well described by Langmuir and Freundlich model.The effective diffusion coefficient Defof methyl orange in the actived carbon particle in polymer is 10-16.When the temperature is 50℃the fiber has good adsorption efficiency.The adsorption speed increase with the temperature rising.Entropy effectiveness is the main impetus of the actived carbon in fiber.The new fibers show a very high adsorption ability in the Pb2+and methylene blue co-existing solution.The maximum adsorption capacity of methylene blue and Pb2+ are 9.5mg.g-1and 487.8mg.g-1respectively.We initially think that the physical adsorption of actived carbon and ion exchange happened at the same time.It may be noticed that the chemical adsorption has great effect on physical adsorption.It has been found that Langmuir model is more fitable to describe the adsorption kinetic behavior than Freundlich on Pb2+on the obtained fibers.Also,Increasing the temperature may improve the fiber’s physical adsorption ability.The fibers have good adsorption efficiency when pH=7.
2012年9月17日星期一
Preparation and Luminescent Properties of Strontium Aluminate with Different Crystal Phases
Preparation and Luminescent Properties of Strontium Aluminate with Different Crystal Phases
As a new kind of environmental protection and energy conservation material, aluminates long persistent phosphors has already been applied in many fields, and is leading to enormous economic benefit. In addition, it has potential application prospect in many areas. This kind of material has excellent luminescent properties, but also has their unresolved shortcomings mainly behaving as few emission colours, and limited work has been done on studying the mechanism of long persistence. As a result, their application area and further development have been limited. So further study on this material is of great importance in both theoretical and application fields.The luminescence Alnico magnets of Eu2+ ions is caused by the transition between the 8S2/7(4f7) ground state and excited 4f65d configuration. And the 5d electrons are split easily by crystal field, so the luminescence of Eu2+ ions depends strongly on the crystal field. In this paper, strontium aluminate host materials with different phase structures and SrxCa1-xAl2O4 host structures were synthesized through combustion method.
The luminescent properties of Eu2+ ions in different host structures have been studied. The role of Sr/Ca(Al) ratio in adjusting the emission colours and decay times of phosphor samples has been investigated. And the mechanism of long persistence also has been discussed, according to the result of thomerluminescence spectra.Rare-Earth doped strontium aluminate phosphors were synthesized through combustion method at 600℃. With the increasing Al content, the host phase structure changed from SrAl2O4 to the Al-riched SrAl12O19 phase. The Sr4Al14O25 was formed as a second phase. The luminescence of Eu2+ ions in the host lattice of SrAl2O4 and SrAl12O19 is different. The emission peaks lied around 519nm and 512nm,respectively, the http://www.999magnet.com peak shifted to the short wavelength. The decay speed of the afterglow for SrAl2O4 was faster than SrAl12O19.It revealed that there were electron-traps with different depth in the two samples, which was consistent with the study of thomerluminescence spectra.Long persistent phosphors SrxCa1-xAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+(x=0,0.2, 0.4,0.6, 0.8,1.0) were prepared through solution-combustion method at 600℃.The phase structure of phosphors were characterized by X-ray diffraction. The major phase was monochlinic CaAl2O4 when x<0.8, and monoclinic SrAl2O4 phase was formed as minor phase. For x≥0. 8,the major phase was SrAl2O4 The diffraction peaks shift to lower angle with the increase in Sr content. A possible reason for this may be the expansion of CaAl2O4 crystal lattice, which is ascribe to the substitution of Sr2+ ions for Ca2+ ions sites in CaAl2O4 structure. The excitation and emission spectra of samples have been measured, the decay curves have also been studied extensively. The results revealed that both the emission colors and the decay times can be adjusted by the value of x (Sr/Ca ratio).
As a new kind of environmental protection and energy conservation material, aluminates long persistent phosphors has already been applied in many fields, and is leading to enormous economic benefit. In addition, it has potential application prospect in many areas. This kind of material has excellent luminescent properties, but also has their unresolved shortcomings mainly behaving as few emission colours, and limited work has been done on studying the mechanism of long persistence. As a result, their application area and further development have been limited. So further study on this material is of great importance in both theoretical and application fields.The luminescence Alnico magnets of Eu2+ ions is caused by the transition between the 8S2/7(4f7) ground state and excited 4f65d configuration. And the 5d electrons are split easily by crystal field, so the luminescence of Eu2+ ions depends strongly on the crystal field. In this paper, strontium aluminate host materials with different phase structures and SrxCa1-xAl2O4 host structures were synthesized through combustion method.
The luminescent properties of Eu2+ ions in different host structures have been studied. The role of Sr/Ca(Al) ratio in adjusting the emission colours and decay times of phosphor samples has been investigated. And the mechanism of long persistence also has been discussed, according to the result of thomerluminescence spectra.Rare-Earth doped strontium aluminate phosphors were synthesized through combustion method at 600℃. With the increasing Al content, the host phase structure changed from SrAl2O4 to the Al-riched SrAl12O19 phase. The Sr4Al14O25 was formed as a second phase. The luminescence of Eu2+ ions in the host lattice of SrAl2O4 and SrAl12O19 is different. The emission peaks lied around 519nm and 512nm,respectively, the http://www.999magnet.com peak shifted to the short wavelength. The decay speed of the afterglow for SrAl2O4 was faster than SrAl12O19.It revealed that there were electron-traps with different depth in the two samples, which was consistent with the study of thomerluminescence spectra.Long persistent phosphors SrxCa1-xAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+(x=0,0.2, 0.4,0.6, 0.8,1.0) were prepared through solution-combustion method at 600℃.The phase structure of phosphors were characterized by X-ray diffraction. The major phase was monochlinic CaAl2O4 when x<0.8, and monoclinic SrAl2O4 phase was formed as minor phase. For x≥0. 8,the major phase was SrAl2O4 The diffraction peaks shift to lower angle with the increase in Sr content. A possible reason for this may be the expansion of CaAl2O4 crystal lattice, which is ascribe to the substitution of Sr2+ ions for Ca2+ ions sites in CaAl2O4 structure. The excitation and emission spectra of samples have been measured, the decay curves have also been studied extensively. The results revealed that both the emission colors and the decay times can be adjusted by the value of x (Sr/Ca ratio).
贵州大厂矿田普晴锑金矿区综合信息成矿预测
贵州大厂矿田普晴锑金矿区综合信息成矿预测
With the increasing demanding of the mineral prospecting, it is important not only to learn the known metallogenic model again, but also to make more use of new theories and new technique and new method. Therefore, to build an economic, valid and quick comprehensive data-based targeting prospecting system for mineral resources, is essential to evaluate scientifically the area of mineral prospecting, prospecting target, and provide the direct basis for arranging the next survey work. As working terrace, the MapGis software was used to set up the geologic pacial Database and extract various metallogenic information based on the synthetically studying metallogenic geology background, the character of typical deposit, the characteristics of geochemistry and the remote sensing on geology about characteristic of Antimony-gold mineral field in Puqing. By integrating determine the nature that experts score and calculate the quantity to establish the metallogenic model and the mathematic model between Neodymium Magnets the metallogenic condition, the information of mineralization and already known deposit. Developing comprehensive information metallogenic predicting study base on applying various "3S"technical methods to evaluate forming mineral, in order to provide reliable evidence for geological exploration and prospecting in Antimony-gold mineral field of Puqing.The achievements and cognition obtained were list as follows:1 .Abundant collecting the geologic characteristics, physical and chemical data, remote sensing data of the Puqing antimony-gold exploration areas by systemic field surveying and lots of data analysising, and the geologic concept model, metallogenic pattern of the Puqing exploration areas was established.1) Dachang antimony—gold deposit formed in early Permian epoch, along with earth bursting coursed by the Emei mountain movement. With the raising of the Dachang area, the sea water of the southwestern Guizhou province fall back from westnorth toward eastsouth, thus Dachang area once formed "the sinking basin" type environment. Meanwhile, the distribution range of the relative mineral resources were controlled by this mechanism The surfacial sedimentary rocks and the volcano rocks under the action of the effective physical and chemical conditions, and the heat driving about deep structure, the metallogenic material activated and concentrated in large-scale structure belts and small fracture between Huayujing structure and Qingshan town structure located in the eastnorth area of the Dachang mineral field.2) By synthetically studying on the the trace element, the rare earth element, the isotope, the fluid inclusion, it is showed that the Dachang stratum is the mineral source stratum and the main habitating stratum of the antimony and gold; The main metallogenic happen under middle and lower temperature condition(95℃～220℃), hot halogen http://www.999magnet.com water in the basin participated ore forming; Antimony mineral formed with the close relativity with the mineralization of As, Hg, Au and so on.
3) The deposit is a type of the antimony and gold deposit formed by volcano deposition and structure reformation, and the ore body mainly exists in the clay rocks with the alteration of silicified and brecciated.4) The primary halo and soil secondary halo in channel of exploring field having been surveyed, a servies of correspond abnormal metallogenic areas were obtained.2Mainly combining "3S" technique with exploring mineral closely, and carrying on the identifying of the metallogenic information, the comprehensive metallogenic information of the antimony-gold mineral field in Puqing area was extracted.1). Through analyzing the ETM remote sensing image data of the research area with the field checking, the metallogenic abnormal area of the linear structure architecture and the orbicular structure framework was identified.2).The making grid, the abnormal mineral area delineating, and all kind of charts were formed automaticly by means of MAPGIS6.7 software, SUFFER8.0 software and MORPAS2.0 software. The data of chemic exploration had been dealt mainly with the STATISTICS software; and the remote sensing data had been dealt mainly with ERDAS9.1 software.3).A suit of AHP—Fuzzy evaluation system for the metallogenic model and the mineral source evaluation was established for the Dachang mineral field with the features of lower studying. In order to test each other and increase its reliability of the mineral prospecting, the reformed information content method was applied also. The abundant account in the process of evaluation is completed by procedure and realized the aim of convenience and quickness.4).Using the powerful spacial searching function of GIS and abstract metallogenic information controlling mineral factor and sign searching for the ore-forming prospecting.
Applying buffer analyzing, the influencing extension of all direction structure, the point of structure intersection, and the mineralized area were analyzed. Finally, applying its folding function and according the power of metallogenic factors formed a series of comprehensive metallogenic predicting chart. Thus all kind of grades metallogenic predicting targets were provided for.3. At last, through using Integrating AHP-Fuzzy evaluation method and information content method, the minerals prospecting had been predicted and evaluated. And the metallogenic areas, including four first http://www.999magnet.com order metallogenic predicting fields, and five secondary metallogenic predicting fields, and six three level metallogenic predicting fields were delineated. Some important predicted metallogenic fields had been tested by applying the geophysical prospecting and exploration engineering, and integrating the actual geology circumstance and the information had been exposed by the finished exploration engineering to delineated the predicting ore body.4. The comprehensive information metallogenic predicting model established by applying various GIS metallogenic predicting methods can highly raise the reliability and the validity of ore-forming prospecting. The evaluated method is not only fit for the new mineral fields with lower studying on the metallogenic prediction, but also applicable for the old mineral fields with higher studying on the metallogenic prediction.
With the increasing demanding of the mineral prospecting, it is important not only to learn the known metallogenic model again, but also to make more use of new theories and new technique and new method. Therefore, to build an economic, valid and quick comprehensive data-based targeting prospecting system for mineral resources, is essential to evaluate scientifically the area of mineral prospecting, prospecting target, and provide the direct basis for arranging the next survey work. As working terrace, the MapGis software was used to set up the geologic pacial Database and extract various metallogenic information based on the synthetically studying metallogenic geology background, the character of typical deposit, the characteristics of geochemistry and the remote sensing on geology about characteristic of Antimony-gold mineral field in Puqing. By integrating determine the nature that experts score and calculate the quantity to establish the metallogenic model and the mathematic model between Neodymium Magnets the metallogenic condition, the information of mineralization and already known deposit. Developing comprehensive information metallogenic predicting study base on applying various "3S"technical methods to evaluate forming mineral, in order to provide reliable evidence for geological exploration and prospecting in Antimony-gold mineral field of Puqing.The achievements and cognition obtained were list as follows:1 .Abundant collecting the geologic characteristics, physical and chemical data, remote sensing data of the Puqing antimony-gold exploration areas by systemic field surveying and lots of data analysising, and the geologic concept model, metallogenic pattern of the Puqing exploration areas was established.1) Dachang antimony—gold deposit formed in early Permian epoch, along with earth bursting coursed by the Emei mountain movement. With the raising of the Dachang area, the sea water of the southwestern Guizhou province fall back from westnorth toward eastsouth, thus Dachang area once formed "the sinking basin" type environment. Meanwhile, the distribution range of the relative mineral resources were controlled by this mechanism The surfacial sedimentary rocks and the volcano rocks under the action of the effective physical and chemical conditions, and the heat driving about deep structure, the metallogenic material activated and concentrated in large-scale structure belts and small fracture between Huayujing structure and Qingshan town structure located in the eastnorth area of the Dachang mineral field.2) By synthetically studying on the the trace element, the rare earth element, the isotope, the fluid inclusion, it is showed that the Dachang stratum is the mineral source stratum and the main habitating stratum of the antimony and gold; The main metallogenic happen under middle and lower temperature condition(95℃～220℃), hot halogen http://www.999magnet.com water in the basin participated ore forming; Antimony mineral formed with the close relativity with the mineralization of As, Hg, Au and so on.
3) The deposit is a type of the antimony and gold deposit formed by volcano deposition and structure reformation, and the ore body mainly exists in the clay rocks with the alteration of silicified and brecciated.4) The primary halo and soil secondary halo in channel of exploring field having been surveyed, a servies of correspond abnormal metallogenic areas were obtained.2Mainly combining "3S" technique with exploring mineral closely, and carrying on the identifying of the metallogenic information, the comprehensive metallogenic information of the antimony-gold mineral field in Puqing area was extracted.1). Through analyzing the ETM remote sensing image data of the research area with the field checking, the metallogenic abnormal area of the linear structure architecture and the orbicular structure framework was identified.2).The making grid, the abnormal mineral area delineating, and all kind of charts were formed automaticly by means of MAPGIS6.7 software, SUFFER8.0 software and MORPAS2.0 software. The data of chemic exploration had been dealt mainly with the STATISTICS software; and the remote sensing data had been dealt mainly with ERDAS9.1 software.3).A suit of AHP—Fuzzy evaluation system for the metallogenic model and the mineral source evaluation was established for the Dachang mineral field with the features of lower studying. In order to test each other and increase its reliability of the mineral prospecting, the reformed information content method was applied also. The abundant account in the process of evaluation is completed by procedure and realized the aim of convenience and quickness.4).Using the powerful spacial searching function of GIS and abstract metallogenic information controlling mineral factor and sign searching for the ore-forming prospecting.
Applying buffer analyzing, the influencing extension of all direction structure, the point of structure intersection, and the mineralized area were analyzed. Finally, applying its folding function and according the power of metallogenic factors formed a series of comprehensive metallogenic predicting chart. Thus all kind of grades metallogenic predicting targets were provided for.3. At last, through using Integrating AHP-Fuzzy evaluation method and information content method, the minerals prospecting had been predicted and evaluated. And the metallogenic areas, including four first http://www.999magnet.com order metallogenic predicting fields, and five secondary metallogenic predicting fields, and six three level metallogenic predicting fields were delineated. Some important predicted metallogenic fields had been tested by applying the geophysical prospecting and exploration engineering, and integrating the actual geology circumstance and the information had been exposed by the finished exploration engineering to delineated the predicting ore body.4. The comprehensive information metallogenic predicting model established by applying various GIS metallogenic predicting methods can highly raise the reliability and the validity of ore-forming prospecting. The evaluated method is not only fit for the new mineral fields with lower studying on the metallogenic prediction, but also applicable for the old mineral fields with higher studying on the metallogenic prediction.
机械镀锌基元结晶镀层形成中添加钛离子的作用研究
机械镀锌基元结晶镀层形成中添加钛离子的作用研究
Mechanical plating is a new surface engineering technology,because of its high efficiency,low cost,small power consumption,simple process,less pollution, it is a clean production technology and green manufacturing technology,received extensive attention in the actual and was more widely used at home and abroad.With the development of society,as well as the scarcity of resources,and that a single mechanical plating metal coating process can not meet the people’s production and living needs,of this machinery is a gold-plated alloy coating process was highly valued.The mechanical zinc-aluminum,rare earth alloy coating process has been successfully developed by Kun ming university and technology.On this base the main purpose of this paper is to study mechanical zinc-titanium alloy coating process and its the physical and chemical properties,and the role of the titanium ion was analysised in the mechanical zinc alloy coating process without the formation of crystalline.The role of neodymium magnets titanium was analysised by the phenomena and the results of zinc, titanium metal salts deposited common adsorption of preliminary;The Mechanical plating Zn-Ti alloy coating process was determined bythe experimental method using orthogonal;The amount of titanium metal salts from 0 to 1.0%of the zinc-titanium alloy coating was producted according to the result of experimental method using orthogonal,random samples was choosed from a variety of samples,and the chemical resistance and electrochemical corrosion of samples were experimented by saltwater corrosion experiments,neutral salt spray test,and electrochemical corrosion experiment,atmospheric exposure experiment;the physical properties of the coating were determinated by the bond strength of coating, the porosity of coating,the density of coating,the microhardness of coating and the appearance of coating;at the same time the zinc-titanium surface coating,the coating element distribution and content,fracture surface characteristics of the coating were observed by the microscope,the fluorescence spectroscopy,SEM.And the role of titanium ion was analysised in the Mechanical plating Zn-Ti alloy coating process.
The results showed that:The Mechanical plating Zn-Ti alloy coating process is feasible;Compared the pure zinc coating,zinc titanium coating have a stronger resistance to chemical corrosion and electrochemical corrosion,and the corrosion rate reduced more than 55 percent,with the addition of titanium increase the corrosion resistance of the coating was good again to change the trend of deterioration,and the coating of Zn -Ti0.6%is best;Compared the pure zinc coating,Zn-Ti http://www.chinamagnets.biz coating has the bright appearance,high bonding strength,high density and microhardness,the value of these increase with the addition of titanium to increase after declining trend,which Zn-Ti0.6%Coating is largest;The coating composition analysis and phase analysis show that the titanium is in the 2theta equivalent to 86.18°,only Ti0.6%coating can be judged from the peak There,when the amount was 1.0%,measured Ti relative content of 0.144 percent,mainly in the coating of titanium formed TiO2 and TiO exist.The Mechanical plating Zn-Ti alloy coating has good physical and chemical characteristics,the role of titanium ions in the coating are:the Zinc algae mission was refined by titanium metal salts,and the deposition of the Zinc algae Mission in the surface was changed,the point-of deposition was trend to the area Deposition,and can make the coating uniform and compact.At the same time the electrochemical corrosion resistance properties of coating is changed by titanium, from the form of pitting corrosion forms into the third.Third,titanium itself is highly corrosion resistance,in many medium very stable,titanium can be generated in the surface layer of dense,strong adhesion,and the inertia oxide film, it is a good protection for metal matrix.
Mechanical plating is a new surface engineering technology,because of its high efficiency,low cost,small power consumption,simple process,less pollution, it is a clean production technology and green manufacturing technology,received extensive attention in the actual and was more widely used at home and abroad.With the development of society,as well as the scarcity of resources,and that a single mechanical plating metal coating process can not meet the people’s production and living needs,of this machinery is a gold-plated alloy coating process was highly valued.The mechanical zinc-aluminum,rare earth alloy coating process has been successfully developed by Kun ming university and technology.On this base the main purpose of this paper is to study mechanical zinc-titanium alloy coating process and its the physical and chemical properties,and the role of the titanium ion was analysised in the mechanical zinc alloy coating process without the formation of crystalline.The role of neodymium magnets titanium was analysised by the phenomena and the results of zinc, titanium metal salts deposited common adsorption of preliminary;The Mechanical plating Zn-Ti alloy coating process was determined bythe experimental method using orthogonal;The amount of titanium metal salts from 0 to 1.0%of the zinc-titanium alloy coating was producted according to the result of experimental method using orthogonal,random samples was choosed from a variety of samples,and the chemical resistance and electrochemical corrosion of samples were experimented by saltwater corrosion experiments,neutral salt spray test,and electrochemical corrosion experiment,atmospheric exposure experiment;the physical properties of the coating were determinated by the bond strength of coating, the porosity of coating,the density of coating,the microhardness of coating and the appearance of coating;at the same time the zinc-titanium surface coating,the coating element distribution and content,fracture surface characteristics of the coating were observed by the microscope,the fluorescence spectroscopy,SEM.And the role of titanium ion was analysised in the Mechanical plating Zn-Ti alloy coating process.
The results showed that:The Mechanical plating Zn-Ti alloy coating process is feasible;Compared the pure zinc coating,zinc titanium coating have a stronger resistance to chemical corrosion and electrochemical corrosion,and the corrosion rate reduced more than 55 percent,with the addition of titanium increase the corrosion resistance of the coating was good again to change the trend of deterioration,and the coating of Zn -Ti0.6%is best;Compared the pure zinc coating,Zn-Ti http://www.chinamagnets.biz coating has the bright appearance,high bonding strength,high density and microhardness,the value of these increase with the addition of titanium to increase after declining trend,which Zn-Ti0.6%Coating is largest;The coating composition analysis and phase analysis show that the titanium is in the 2theta equivalent to 86.18°,only Ti0.6%coating can be judged from the peak There,when the amount was 1.0%,measured Ti relative content of 0.144 percent,mainly in the coating of titanium formed TiO2 and TiO exist.The Mechanical plating Zn-Ti alloy coating has good physical and chemical characteristics,the role of titanium ions in the coating are:the Zinc algae mission was refined by titanium metal salts,and the deposition of the Zinc algae Mission in the surface was changed,the point-of deposition was trend to the area Deposition,and can make the coating uniform and compact.At the same time the electrochemical corrosion resistance properties of coating is changed by titanium, from the form of pitting corrosion forms into the third.Third,titanium itself is highly corrosion resistance,in many medium very stable,titanium can be generated in the surface layer of dense,strong adhesion,and the inertia oxide film, it is a good protection for metal matrix.
2012年9月13日星期四
机械镀锌基元结晶镀层形成中添加钛离子的作用研究
机械镀锌基元结晶镀层形成中添加钛离子的作用研究
Mechanical plating is a new surface engineering technology,because of its high efficiency,low cost,small power consumption,simple process,less pollution, it is a clean production technology and green manufacturing technology,received extensive attention in the actual and was more widely used at home and abroad.With the development of society,as well as the scarcity of resources,and that a single mechanical plating metal coating process can not meet the people’s production and living needs,of this machinery is a gold-plated alloy coating process was highly valued.The mechanical zinc-aluminum,rare earth alloy coating process has been successfully developed by Kun ming university and technology.On this base the main purpose of this paper is to study mechanical zinc-titanium alloy coating process and its the physical and chemical properties,and the role of the titanium ion was Ball Neodymium Magnets analysised in the mechanical zinc alloy coating process without the formation of crystalline.The role of titanium was analysised by the phenomena and the results of zinc, titanium metal salts deposited common adsorption of preliminary;The Mechanical plating Zn-Ti alloy coating process was determined bythe experimental method using orthogonal;The amount of titanium metal salts from 0 to 1.0%of the zinc-titanium alloy coating was producted according to the result of experimental method using orthogonal,random samples was choosed from a variety of samples,and the chemical resistance and electrochemical corrosion of samples were experimented by saltwater corrosion experiments,neutral salt spray test,and electrochemical corrosion experiment,atmospheric exposure experiment;the physical properties of the coating were determinated by the bond strength of coating, the porosity of coating,the density of coating,the microhardness of coating and the appearance of coating;at the same time the zinc-titanium surface coating,the coating element distribution and content,fracture surface characteristics of the coating were observed by the microscope,the fluorescence spectroscopy
,SEM.And the role of titanium ion was analysised in the Mechanical plating Zn-Ti alloy coating process. The results showed that:The Mechanical plating Zn-Ti alloy coating process is feasible;Compared the pure zinc coating,zinc titanium coating have a stronger resistance to chemical corrosion and electrochemical corrosion,and the corrosion rate http://www.chinamagnets.biz reduced more than 55 percent,with the addition of titanium increase the corrosion resistance of the coating was good again to change the trend of deterioration,and the coating of Zn -Ti0.6%is best;Compared the pure zinc coating,Zn-Ti coating has the bright appearance,high bonding strength,high density and microhardness,the value of these increase with the addition of titanium to increase after declining trend,which Zn-Ti0.6%Coating is largest;The coating composition analysis and phase analysis show that the titanium is in the 2theta equivalent to 86.18°,only Ti0.6%coating can be judged from the peak There,when the amount was 1.0%,measured Ti relative content of 0.144 percent,mainly in the coating of titanium formed TiO2 and TiO exist.The Mechanical plating Zn-Ti alloy coating has good physical and chemical characteristics,the role of titanium ions in the coating are:the Zinc algae mission was refined by titanium metal salts,and the deposition of the Zinc algae Mission in the surface was changed,the point-of deposition was trend to the area Deposition,and can make the coating uniform and compact.At the same time the electrochemical corrosion resistance properties of coating is changed by titanium, from the form of pitting corrosion forms into the third.Third,titanium itself is highly corrosion resistance,in many medium very stable,titanium can be generated in the surface layer of dense,strong adhesion,and the inertia oxide film, it is a good protection for metal matrix.
Mechanical plating is a new surface engineering technology,because of its high efficiency,low cost,small power consumption,simple process,less pollution, it is a clean production technology and green manufacturing technology,received extensive attention in the actual and was more widely used at home and abroad.With the development of society,as well as the scarcity of resources,and that a single mechanical plating metal coating process can not meet the people’s production and living needs,of this machinery is a gold-plated alloy coating process was highly valued.The mechanical zinc-aluminum,rare earth alloy coating process has been successfully developed by Kun ming university and technology.On this base the main purpose of this paper is to study mechanical zinc-titanium alloy coating process and its the physical and chemical properties,and the role of the titanium ion was Ball Neodymium Magnets analysised in the mechanical zinc alloy coating process without the formation of crystalline.The role of titanium was analysised by the phenomena and the results of zinc, titanium metal salts deposited common adsorption of preliminary;The Mechanical plating Zn-Ti alloy coating process was determined bythe experimental method using orthogonal;The amount of titanium metal salts from 0 to 1.0%of the zinc-titanium alloy coating was producted according to the result of experimental method using orthogonal,random samples was choosed from a variety of samples,and the chemical resistance and electrochemical corrosion of samples were experimented by saltwater corrosion experiments,neutral salt spray test,and electrochemical corrosion experiment,atmospheric exposure experiment;the physical properties of the coating were determinated by the bond strength of coating, the porosity of coating,the density of coating,the microhardness of coating and the appearance of coating;at the same time the zinc-titanium surface coating,the coating element distribution and content,fracture surface characteristics of the coating were observed by the microscope,the fluorescence spectroscopy
,SEM.And the role of titanium ion was analysised in the Mechanical plating Zn-Ti alloy coating process. The results showed that:The Mechanical plating Zn-Ti alloy coating process is feasible;Compared the pure zinc coating,zinc titanium coating have a stronger resistance to chemical corrosion and electrochemical corrosion,and the corrosion rate http://www.chinamagnets.biz reduced more than 55 percent,with the addition of titanium increase the corrosion resistance of the coating was good again to change the trend of deterioration,and the coating of Zn -Ti0.6%is best;Compared the pure zinc coating,Zn-Ti coating has the bright appearance,high bonding strength,high density and microhardness,the value of these increase with the addition of titanium to increase after declining trend,which Zn-Ti0.6%Coating is largest;The coating composition analysis and phase analysis show that the titanium is in the 2theta equivalent to 86.18°,only Ti0.6%coating can be judged from the peak There,when the amount was 1.0%,measured Ti relative content of 0.144 percent,mainly in the coating of titanium formed TiO2 and TiO exist.The Mechanical plating Zn-Ti alloy coating has good physical and chemical characteristics,the role of titanium ions in the coating are:the Zinc algae mission was refined by titanium metal salts,and the deposition of the Zinc algae Mission in the surface was changed,the point-of deposition was trend to the area Deposition,and can make the coating uniform and compact.At the same time the electrochemical corrosion resistance properties of coating is changed by titanium, from the form of pitting corrosion forms into the third.Third,titanium itself is highly corrosion resistance,in many medium very stable,titanium can be generated in the surface layer of dense,strong adhesion,and the inertia oxide film, it is a good protection for metal matrix.
The Research on Surface Modification and Wettability of Sn-Zn-Bi Lead-free Solder
The Research on Surface Modification and Wettability of Sn-Zn-Bi Lead-free Solder
In the traditional manufacturing process of electronic products,the Sn-Pb alloy solder was wildly used in the PCB(printed circuit board).The Pb contained in the products would finally separated out and infiltration into the earth,so that our environment would be polluted and the human life would be under the threaten.For preventing this,many countries have developed a series lead-free alloy solder.And Sn-Zn lead-free alloy solder was wildly research for it’s low melting point(198°C)witch is close to the melting point with Sn-Pb alloy solder(183℃),and it’s high strength and low cost.But it’s a pity that the Sn-Zn lead-free alloy solder is easy to be oxidized, the maintain period of the strong magnets solder paste is short,and the worst thing is the wettability not very good. All these factors result in the limiting use of Sn-Zn lead-free alloy solder. At the present time,the research of the Sn-Zn lead-free alloy solder is focus on putting some elements such as In,Bi,Ag,Ga,Re into the alloy solder which can improving the anti-oxidized and the wettability abilities.
This research is focus on using the ball mill and liquid phase method to coating the Sn-Zn-Bi lead-free alloy solder particles by suitable organic materials such as stearic acid,organic matter A,Band C,organic acid D,malic acid and so on.We measure the acidresistivity of the solder to reflect its anti-oxidized,and measure the wettability at the same time to analyse the effect of the technological conditions;analysing the coating conditions by SEM,IR and energy spectrum; http://www.chinamagnets.biz comparing the difference between the modification solder through observation of the metallic phase of spot welds by SEM and metalloscope.The results of the research indicates that the ball mill and liquid phase methods both can improve the abilities of the alloy solder,and the liquid phase method seems to be better .The best technology situation of the ball mill method is 100rpm,1.0h,coating matters are organic material B and organic acid D and the adding content is 0.9～1.2%.The best technology situation of the liquid phase method is the modified time control between 2.0～3.0h,the coating matters are organic C and stearic acid and the dissolvent is absolute ethyl alcohol and cyclohexane on each.
In the traditional manufacturing process of electronic products,the Sn-Pb alloy solder was wildly used in the PCB(printed circuit board).The Pb contained in the products would finally separated out and infiltration into the earth,so that our environment would be polluted and the human life would be under the threaten.For preventing this,many countries have developed a series lead-free alloy solder.And Sn-Zn lead-free alloy solder was wildly research for it’s low melting point(198°C)witch is close to the melting point with Sn-Pb alloy solder(183℃),and it’s high strength and low cost.But it’s a pity that the Sn-Zn lead-free alloy solder is easy to be oxidized, the maintain period of the strong magnets solder paste is short,and the worst thing is the wettability not very good. All these factors result in the limiting use of Sn-Zn lead-free alloy solder. At the present time,the research of the Sn-Zn lead-free alloy solder is focus on putting some elements such as In,Bi,Ag,Ga,Re into the alloy solder which can improving the anti-oxidized and the wettability abilities.
This research is focus on using the ball mill and liquid phase method to coating the Sn-Zn-Bi lead-free alloy solder particles by suitable organic materials such as stearic acid,organic matter A,Band C,organic acid D,malic acid and so on.We measure the acidresistivity of the solder to reflect its anti-oxidized,and measure the wettability at the same time to analyse the effect of the technological conditions;analysing the coating conditions by SEM,IR and energy spectrum; http://www.chinamagnets.biz comparing the difference between the modification solder through observation of the metallic phase of spot welds by SEM and metalloscope.The results of the research indicates that the ball mill and liquid phase methods both can improve the abilities of the alloy solder,and the liquid phase method seems to be better .The best technology situation of the ball mill method is 100rpm,1.0h,coating matters are organic material B and organic acid D and the adding content is 0.9～1.2%.The best technology situation of the liquid phase method is the modified time control between 2.0～3.0h,the coating matters are organic C and stearic acid and the dissolvent is absolute ethyl alcohol and cyclohexane on each.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Large Diameter Resin Sand Centrifugal Casting Ductile Iron Pipe and Its Optimizing Process
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Large Diameter Resin Sand Centrifugal Casting Ductile Iron Pipe and Its Optimizing Process
The centrifugal casting pipe of ductile iron has many advantages,such as high strength,good plasticity and longevity. It is widely used as pipes of water supply and gas supply for cities. Because the nodularization degradation of ductile cast pipe occurs when using hot mold centrifugal casting process, the quality of pipes with a great diameter is not stable.This article analyzed the factors of nodularization degradation of ductile cast pipe, based on the samples got from mass productin lines. We did experiments in the factory to optimize the component of spheroidizer, inoculants and some other technical parameters. We found proper component of spheroidizer and inoculant for centrifugal casting pipe of ductile iron and produced DN1800mm ductile pipe, whose properties fully met the standard of ISO2531-98(E).When the diameter increases from DN800mm to DN1200mm, the quality of Special shape NdFeB magnets spheroidization decreases. The number of graphite spherulites decreases and the diameters of graphite spherulites enlarge. The proportion of ferrite increases while the roportion of pearlite decreases.To the same diameter pipe, the quality of spheroidization decreases from the ektexine to the inner wall. The number of graphite spherulites decreases and the diameters of graphite spherulites enlarge and the shape of the graphite spherulite becomes badly gadually.At the inner wall, the graphite spherulites become large and many chunk and vermicular-like graphite particles and cementite phase appared.We chosed Mg-Si-Fe-RE alloy as spheroidizer and optimized the component 6f Ba、Ca in the spheroidizer.
We found that two kinds of spheroidezers which include Ca3.6Ba2.5 and Ca2Ba3.5 have a big number and small diameter of graphite spherulites. There is almost no degraded graphite. And the samples have good mechanical properties.We chose 75Si-Fe alloy as inoculant and added zirconium into it. We studied the relationship between the content of zirconium and the quality of spheroidizatin . We found that when the content of zirconium is 0.1-0.3%, the quality of spheroidization is good. It can increase the number of graphite spherulites and the proportion of ferrite. http://www.999magnet.com As the increase of the content of Zr, the shape of graphite become bad gradually and the diameter of graphite nodules become larger gradually and the proportion of ferrite enlarges. When the content of Zr reaches 0.8%,the basic structure is almost pearlite.Based on the experiments .we did, we used the speroidizer and inoculant in the mass product ion line and we found proper component of spheroidizer and inoculant for centrifugal casting pope of ductile iron. The component of spheroidizer is:Mg7-10%, RE2-4%, Ca 2.0-3.5%,Ba 2.5-4.0%. The percentage of spheroidizer added into the liquid iron is 0.8-1.5%(wt).We use 75Si-Fe alloy as inoculant and add zirconium(Zr 0.05-0.3%) into it. The percentage of inoculant added into the liquid iron is 0.8-1.0%. We use late inoculation method to prevent inoculation degradation.Based on the micro-structure of ductile pipe, we chose different heat treatment method to treat different content of cementite. Because of the enhanced quality of spheroidization, the time needed in heat treatment deduced. Such improvement resulted the decrease of the product cost.
The centrifugal casting pipe of ductile iron has many advantages,such as high strength,good plasticity and longevity. It is widely used as pipes of water supply and gas supply for cities. Because the nodularization degradation of ductile cast pipe occurs when using hot mold centrifugal casting process, the quality of pipes with a great diameter is not stable.This article analyzed the factors of nodularization degradation of ductile cast pipe, based on the samples got from mass productin lines. We did experiments in the factory to optimize the component of spheroidizer, inoculants and some other technical parameters. We found proper component of spheroidizer and inoculant for centrifugal casting pipe of ductile iron and produced DN1800mm ductile pipe, whose properties fully met the standard of ISO2531-98(E).When the diameter increases from DN800mm to DN1200mm, the quality of Special shape NdFeB magnets spheroidization decreases. The number of graphite spherulites decreases and the diameters of graphite spherulites enlarge. The proportion of ferrite increases while the roportion of pearlite decreases.To the same diameter pipe, the quality of spheroidization decreases from the ektexine to the inner wall. The number of graphite spherulites decreases and the diameters of graphite spherulites enlarge and the shape of the graphite spherulite becomes badly gadually.At the inner wall, the graphite spherulites become large and many chunk and vermicular-like graphite particles and cementite phase appared.We chosed Mg-Si-Fe-RE alloy as spheroidizer and optimized the component 6f Ba、Ca in the spheroidizer.
We found that two kinds of spheroidezers which include Ca3.6Ba2.5 and Ca2Ba3.5 have a big number and small diameter of graphite spherulites. There is almost no degraded graphite. And the samples have good mechanical properties.We chose 75Si-Fe alloy as inoculant and added zirconium into it. We studied the relationship between the content of zirconium and the quality of spheroidizatin . We found that when the content of zirconium is 0.1-0.3%, the quality of spheroidization is good. It can increase the number of graphite spherulites and the proportion of ferrite. http://www.999magnet.com As the increase of the content of Zr, the shape of graphite become bad gradually and the diameter of graphite nodules become larger gradually and the proportion of ferrite enlarges. When the content of Zr reaches 0.8%,the basic structure is almost pearlite.Based on the experiments .we did, we used the speroidizer and inoculant in the mass product ion line and we found proper component of spheroidizer and inoculant for centrifugal casting pope of ductile iron. The component of spheroidizer is:Mg7-10%, RE2-4%, Ca 2.0-3.5%,Ba 2.5-4.0%. The percentage of spheroidizer added into the liquid iron is 0.8-1.5%(wt).We use 75Si-Fe alloy as inoculant and add zirconium(Zr 0.05-0.3%) into it. The percentage of inoculant added into the liquid iron is 0.8-1.0%. We use late inoculation method to prevent inoculation degradation.Based on the micro-structure of ductile pipe, we chose different heat treatment method to treat different content of cementite. Because of the enhanced quality of spheroidization, the time needed in heat treatment deduced. Such improvement resulted the decrease of the product cost.
2012年9月10日星期一
Analysis of Oil Shale Characteristics and Depositional Environment of the Jijuntun Formation of Eocene in Fushun Basin
Analysis of Oil Shale Characteristics and Depositional Environment of the Jijuntun Formation of Eocene in Fushun Basin
Oil shale is an important oil and gas alternative energy sources, the growing shortage of energy now, development and utilizationof oil shale has aroused widespread concern in the world. Before the study of oil shale was to refine shale oil and related products, but also as fuel for power generation, heating and transportation, in recent years research on oil shale is mainly focused on refining shale oil,extracting useful elements in ash of comprehensive utilization and resources evaluation,etc,but the following aspects such as oil shale formation environment, ore-forming mechanism were also less.On this background,the paper selecte Fushun basin as an anatomical regions ,which Ring neodymium magnet exposed well,and has obvious features,the author comprehensivly use of sedimentology,sequence stratigraphy, paleolimnology, palaeoclimatology,geochemistry, paleontology and other disciplines to carry out research ,reveale the internal relations of oil shale characteristics, formation environment , the ancient lake conditions and industrial index , discusse oil shale mineralization mechanism of fault basin.The research results was not only guidance and reference significance for the Fushun oil shale exploitation and research,but has an important role on oil shale ore-forming mechanism and resource predictionforthe other fault basin . It also provide a theoretical basis for oil shale resource evaluation analogy method.Fushun Basin is located insouthern of Fushun,covers the area of E124°03′30〞-124°16′28〞,N41°57′15〞-41°59′37〞,it’s a Cenozoicsemi-depressed deposition Basin. The south fault control the thickness of oil shale and oil yiled, the more near the fault side ,the thicker of the thickness , the higher of oil yiled .
Oil shale occurred in the middle and upper of Jijuntun Formation, the middle part is lean ore,the upper is rich ore. The color of oil shale is dark brown, light brown,dull, oxidatived oil shale is light red for iron,generally is splintery fracture or conchoidal fracture ,horizontal bedding is developed. Single layer thickness of Oil shale ranging from 70-190 m,the average oil yield of 5.85 percent ,the highest oil yield of rich ore is13%,it has high industrial value. Oil yield positively correlated with the calorific value and volatile , but negativly correlated with the bulk density and ash . The organic matter type of lean ore is mainly II1-II2,the organic matter type of lean ore is mainly I. After research of biological markers that organic matter source is rich,both lower hydrobiont and terrigenous higher plants ,but lower hydrobiont occupied a dominant .The vitrinite reflectance(Ro) of oil shale is from 0.41% to 0.56 %,Tmax (℃) value is from 429℃to 446℃. X-ray diffraction analysis,oil shale in the composition of clay minerals is mainly kaolinite,shows that oil shale is immature - low mature stage.The http://www.chinamagnets.biz author comprehensivly use of geochemistry , sequence stratigraphy , paleolimnology, sedimentology, palaeoclimatology,paleontology on oil shale formation environment ,revealed the oil shale formed in the hot -humid climate, a fresh water lake of weak reduction -reduction conditions.Sr / Ba ratio,carbon-oxygen isotope and fossils showed that oil shale deposited in freshwater lake.
The redox conditions of the oil shale formation was analyzed by elements of the ratio (V / V + Ni, Ni / Co, Ni / V and Cu / Zn), rare earth elements and biomarkers ,we found oil shale of Fushun formed in the weak reduction -reduction conditions,the reduction conditions of lean ore is weaker than rich ore. Based on pollen and plant fossils features, combining distribution of minerals and trace elements ratio, identified eocene ancient climate evolution: Early eocene is warm - humid climate; mid-Eocene is hot- humid climate; late Eocene is semi-dry and semi-humid;By Professor Liu Zhaojun (1994,1997,2002) for the scheme of four division of third-order sequence, identified the lowstand system tracts,transgressive system tract,high-stand system tract to resgressive system tract of third-order sequence in Jijuntun Formation.Used geochemical methods ( trace elements content , organic carbon content and kerogen type,etc.),combined with the rock outcrop characteristics and fossils and other signs dividing sedimentary facies .we proposed lean ore formed in transgressive system tract of semi-deep lake environment, rich ore formed in high-stand system tract of deep lake environment.The study shows that structural factors,the paleoclimate factors,sedimentary facies play a significant role in oil shale mineralization . Structural factors which control the distribution of oil shale,oil yield and thickness; the paleoclimate factors http://www.chinamagnets.biz and sedimentary facies directly or indirectly affect the oil shale organic matter for production, import and save: hot -humid weather conditions, A lot of nutrients into the lake ,making a lot of algae flourish, the great lake productivity,for the formation of oil shale has provided sufficient organic matter;deep lake water was stability and could maintain a certain depth,terrestrial fragments injected into fewer,and to provide a stratified lake conditions,contribute to the preservation of organic matter. Revealed that adequate supply of organic matter,steady water delimitation and terrestrial fragments injected less into lake,theses were favorable conditions for ore-forming.
Oil shale is an important oil and gas alternative energy sources, the growing shortage of energy now, development and utilizationof oil shale has aroused widespread concern in the world. Before the study of oil shale was to refine shale oil and related products, but also as fuel for power generation, heating and transportation, in recent years research on oil shale is mainly focused on refining shale oil,extracting useful elements in ash of comprehensive utilization and resources evaluation,etc,but the following aspects such as oil shale formation environment, ore-forming mechanism were also less.On this background,the paper selecte Fushun basin as an anatomical regions ,which Ring neodymium magnet exposed well,and has obvious features,the author comprehensivly use of sedimentology,sequence stratigraphy, paleolimnology, palaeoclimatology,geochemistry, paleontology and other disciplines to carry out research ,reveale the internal relations of oil shale characteristics, formation environment , the ancient lake conditions and industrial index , discusse oil shale mineralization mechanism of fault basin.The research results was not only guidance and reference significance for the Fushun oil shale exploitation and research,but has an important role on oil shale ore-forming mechanism and resource predictionforthe other fault basin . It also provide a theoretical basis for oil shale resource evaluation analogy method.Fushun Basin is located insouthern of Fushun,covers the area of E124°03′30〞-124°16′28〞,N41°57′15〞-41°59′37〞,it’s a Cenozoicsemi-depressed deposition Basin. The south fault control the thickness of oil shale and oil yiled, the more near the fault side ,the thicker of the thickness , the higher of oil yiled .
Oil shale occurred in the middle and upper of Jijuntun Formation, the middle part is lean ore,the upper is rich ore. The color of oil shale is dark brown, light brown,dull, oxidatived oil shale is light red for iron,generally is splintery fracture or conchoidal fracture ,horizontal bedding is developed. Single layer thickness of Oil shale ranging from 70-190 m,the average oil yield of 5.85 percent ,the highest oil yield of rich ore is13%,it has high industrial value. Oil yield positively correlated with the calorific value and volatile , but negativly correlated with the bulk density and ash . The organic matter type of lean ore is mainly II1-II2,the organic matter type of lean ore is mainly I. After research of biological markers that organic matter source is rich,both lower hydrobiont and terrigenous higher plants ,but lower hydrobiont occupied a dominant .The vitrinite reflectance(Ro) of oil shale is from 0.41% to 0.56 %,Tmax (℃) value is from 429℃to 446℃. X-ray diffraction analysis,oil shale in the composition of clay minerals is mainly kaolinite,shows that oil shale is immature - low mature stage.The http://www.chinamagnets.biz author comprehensivly use of geochemistry , sequence stratigraphy , paleolimnology, sedimentology, palaeoclimatology,paleontology on oil shale formation environment ,revealed the oil shale formed in the hot -humid climate, a fresh water lake of weak reduction -reduction conditions.Sr / Ba ratio,carbon-oxygen isotope and fossils showed that oil shale deposited in freshwater lake.
The redox conditions of the oil shale formation was analyzed by elements of the ratio (V / V + Ni, Ni / Co, Ni / V and Cu / Zn), rare earth elements and biomarkers ,we found oil shale of Fushun formed in the weak reduction -reduction conditions,the reduction conditions of lean ore is weaker than rich ore. Based on pollen and plant fossils features, combining distribution of minerals and trace elements ratio, identified eocene ancient climate evolution: Early eocene is warm - humid climate; mid-Eocene is hot- humid climate; late Eocene is semi-dry and semi-humid;By Professor Liu Zhaojun (1994,1997,2002) for the scheme of four division of third-order sequence, identified the lowstand system tracts,transgressive system tract,high-stand system tract to resgressive system tract of third-order sequence in Jijuntun Formation.Used geochemical methods ( trace elements content , organic carbon content and kerogen type,etc.),combined with the rock outcrop characteristics and fossils and other signs dividing sedimentary facies .we proposed lean ore formed in transgressive system tract of semi-deep lake environment, rich ore formed in high-stand system tract of deep lake environment.The study shows that structural factors,the paleoclimate factors,sedimentary facies play a significant role in oil shale mineralization . Structural factors which control the distribution of oil shale,oil yield and thickness; the paleoclimate factors http://www.chinamagnets.biz and sedimentary facies directly or indirectly affect the oil shale organic matter for production, import and save: hot -humid weather conditions, A lot of nutrients into the lake ,making a lot of algae flourish, the great lake productivity,for the formation of oil shale has provided sufficient organic matter;deep lake water was stability and could maintain a certain depth,terrestrial fragments injected into fewer,and to provide a stratified lake conditions,contribute to the preservation of organic matter. Revealed that adequate supply of organic matter,steady water delimitation and terrestrial fragments injected less into lake,theses were favorable conditions for ore-forming.
Fabrication and Capability Investigation on Thermoelectric Material of Ca-Co-O System
Fabrication and Capability Investigation on Thermoelectric Material of Ca-Co-O System
With environment and energy problems becoming rigorous, thermoelectric materials, which convert heat into electricity and vice versa through the thermoelectric phenomena in solids , have recently attracted a renewed interest as a promising energy-conversion technology that is friendly to the environment. The thermoelectric phenomena, the history and the recent development progress of thermoelectric materials were reviewed in detailed at first. Showed: Ca3Co4O9 is a layered Cube neodymium magnet compound consisting of the alternate stack layer which is responsible for the electric conduction and the insulated layer.We have selected calcium cobalt oxide(Ca3Co4O9) and Ca3-xAxCo4O9-based as our research objects. In this thesis, we prepared the sample through the method of sol-gel, sintered the nano-meter powders by common pressure sintering at 900℃in 5 hour. And fabricated the Ca-Co-O-based thermoelectric materials by dopanting rare-earth compound and alkaline-earth.compound The microstructure and crystal composition of the samples were characterized by using XRD and SEM. We have surveyed the electrical conductivity by temperature, and we have accounted the thermal conductivity. The analysis showed that thermoelectric properties of dopanting sample have more increased. In this paper, the method of sol-gel course is analysed at detailed, http://www.chinamagnets.biz and the matrix structure and thermoelectric properties are balanced by dopanting material.The result in my thesis are that it is an effective approach to min-granularity and max-activity nona-powders were fabricated by sol-gel method, and the probability of improvements exists if the appropriate fabrication technologies were fixed. It is viable to improve the thermoelectric properties of this system by introducing a good element and applying a appropriate dopanting proportion.
With environment and energy problems becoming rigorous, thermoelectric materials, which convert heat into electricity and vice versa through the thermoelectric phenomena in solids , have recently attracted a renewed interest as a promising energy-conversion technology that is friendly to the environment. The thermoelectric phenomena, the history and the recent development progress of thermoelectric materials were reviewed in detailed at first. Showed: Ca3Co4O9 is a layered Cube neodymium magnet compound consisting of the alternate stack layer which is responsible for the electric conduction and the insulated layer.We have selected calcium cobalt oxide(Ca3Co4O9) and Ca3-xAxCo4O9-based as our research objects. In this thesis, we prepared the sample through the method of sol-gel, sintered the nano-meter powders by common pressure sintering at 900℃in 5 hour. And fabricated the Ca-Co-O-based thermoelectric materials by dopanting rare-earth compound and alkaline-earth.compound The microstructure and crystal composition of the samples were characterized by using XRD and SEM. We have surveyed the electrical conductivity by temperature, and we have accounted the thermal conductivity. The analysis showed that thermoelectric properties of dopanting sample have more increased. In this paper, the method of sol-gel course is analysed at detailed, http://www.chinamagnets.biz and the matrix structure and thermoelectric properties are balanced by dopanting material.The result in my thesis are that it is an effective approach to min-granularity and max-activity nona-powders were fabricated by sol-gel method, and the probability of improvements exists if the appropriate fabrication technologies were fixed. It is viable to improve the thermoelectric properties of this system by introducing a good element and applying a appropriate dopanting proportion.
Synthesis、Crystal Structure and Property Studies on Metal Coordination Polymers with Azobenzoic Dicarboxylic Acid and Chiniofon
Synthesis、Crystal Structure and Property Studies on Metal Coordination Polymers with Azobenzoic Dicarboxylic Acid and Chiniofon
Due to the structural diversity and the potential applications in optical material, magnetic material, superconductor material and catalysts, etc., the research on coordination polymers has become the frontier basic and application researches field. This thesis focuses on the synthesis of 14 kinds of coordination polymers with different dimensions, by using azobenzoic dicarboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, bridge and chelate ligand to react with alkaline earth, rare earth and 3d ions under the hydro(solv) thermal condition. Their crystal structures have been revealed through X-ray single crystal diffraction methods. Meanwhile, they have been characterized by IR, TGA, fluorescence spectra. This thesis consists of 5 chapters.Chapter 1 is the preface, describing a brief introduction on the development, the Ball Neodymium Magnets present research statement and the coordination modes of several kinds of important ligands and the progress we have made. In chapter 2, four 1D coordination polymers {[Co(4,4’-Azo)(py)2(H2O)2]·2py}n (1), [Zn(4,4’-Azo)(py)2]n (2), {[Cu(4,4’-Azo)(py)(H2O)]·0.5H2O}n (3) and {[Cu(4,4’-Azo)(phen)(H2O)]·0.5DMA}n (4) have been reported. Complex 1, 2, 3 belong to triclinic crystal system with space group P-1. In 1, the coordination geometry of Co(Ⅱ) center a six-coordinated distorted octahedron. 1 is a 1D chain complex connected by bridging 4,4’-azobenzoic dicarboxylate; In 2, the coordination geometry for the five-coordinated center Zn (Ⅱ) is a distorted square pyramid. Similar to 1, 2 is a zigzag chains of Zn bridged by 4,4’-azobenzoic dicarboxylate. The coordination geometry for the four-coordinated center Cu(Ⅱ) is a distorted square in complex 3, which also is a 1D chain connected by bridging 4,4’-azobenzoic dicarboxylate. Complex 4 belongs to monoclinic crystal system with space group P2(1)/n.
The coordination geometry for the five-coordinated center Cu(Ⅱ) is a distorted square pyramid. The structure of complex 4 consists of zigzag chains of copper(II) connected by 4,4’-azobenzoic dicarboxylate ligands. The TGA and IR of four coordination polymers are well agree with the crystal structures.In chapter 3, three 2D coordination polymers [RE(3’3-Azo)1.5(phen)]n (RE=Y(5)、Sm(6)、Er(7))have been synthesized. X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis indicated that they possess very similar structural features. All three complexes belong to monoclinic crystal system with P2(1)/n space group. The coordination geometry for the eight-coordinated RE(Ⅲ) center is a trigonal dodecahedron and surrounded by six O and two N atoms from four 3,3’-ADB and one 1,10-phen ligands, respectively. 3,3’-ADB have two coordination modes,chelate (a) and bridge (b).They have very similar TG curves,still stable when the temperature near 400℃。In chapter 4, two 3D pillar-like coordination polymers [Ba(4,4’-Azo)]n (8) and [Mn(4,4’-Azo)(H2O)2]n (9) have been synthesized. Complex 8 belongs to orthorhombic crystal system with space group Pbca. The coordination geometry for the eight-coordinated Ba(Ⅱ) center is a distorted square antiprism and coordinated by eight oxygens from seven 4,4’-ADB. Ba(II) atoms are bridged by the 4,4’-azobenzoic dicarboxylate anions to form inorganic plymeric layers as honeycomb. 4,4’-ADB plays a role of organic pillar, which exhibited an unusual http://www.chinamagnets.biz eight dentate binding fashion (f) to link the BaO layer into 3D pillar-like structures. Complex 9 belongs to monoclinic crystal system with space group P2(1)/c.
The coordination geometry for the six-coordinated Mn(Ⅱ) center is a distorted octahedron and surrounded by six oxygens from four 4,4’-ADB ligands and two H2O. Mn(II) are bridged by the 4,4’-azobenzoic dicarboxylate anions to form inorganic plymeric layers. 4,4’-ADB plays a role of organic pillar, which exhibited anti-anti bidentate bridge binding fashion (e) to link the MnO layer into 3D pillar-like structures. The TGA and IR of two coordination polymers are well agree with the crystal structures.In chapter 5, four 1D coordination polymers[Ni(IHQS)(4,4’-bpy)0.5(H2O)2]n (10), [Cu(IHQS)(4,4’-bpy)0.5(H2O)]n (11), {[Mn(IHQS)(H2O)2]·2H2O}n (13), [Cd(HQS)(phen)]n (14) and a dinuclear complex [Cu(IHQS)(bpe)0.5(H2O)2]n (12) have been synthesized. Complex 10, 12 belong to monoclinic crystal system with space group P2(1)/n. In 10, the coordination geometry for the six-coordinated Ni(Ⅱ) center is a distorted octahedron. Ni(Ⅱ) is coordinated by two IHQS to form a dinuclear unit. 10 is a 1D infinite chain connected by bridging 4,4’-bpy. The coordination geometry for the five-coordinated center Cu(Ⅱ) is a distorted square pyramid in complex 12, two Cu(Ⅱ) were bridged by bpe to form a dinuclear unit. Complex 11, 13, 14 belong to triclinic crystal system with space group P-1. In 11, the coordination geometry for the five-coordinated Cu(Ⅱ) center is a distorted square pyramid, in which the Cu(Ⅱ) was linked by IHQS to form a infinite chain, and further generated a 1D ladder bichain structure by bridging 4,4’-bpy. The coordination geometry for the six-coordinated center Mn(Ⅱ) is a distorted octahedron in complex 13, every two IHQS adopt bridged (i) to link two Mn(Ⅱ) to form a infinite line of cage; the coordination geometry for the six-coordinated center Cd(Ⅱ) is close to a distorted octahedron in complex 14. The Cd(Ⅱ) is coordinated by two ox from two IHQS to form a dinuclear unit(j), and further formed a 1D infinite chain by bridging the unit with inverted IHQS.The TGA and IR of five coordination polymers are well agree with the crystal structures. Compound 14 emits intensive fluorescence at 488nm upon radiation UV light in solid sate at room temperature.
Due to the structural diversity and the potential applications in optical material, magnetic material, superconductor material and catalysts, etc., the research on coordination polymers has become the frontier basic and application researches field. This thesis focuses on the synthesis of 14 kinds of coordination polymers with different dimensions, by using azobenzoic dicarboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, bridge and chelate ligand to react with alkaline earth, rare earth and 3d ions under the hydro(solv) thermal condition. Their crystal structures have been revealed through X-ray single crystal diffraction methods. Meanwhile, they have been characterized by IR, TGA, fluorescence spectra. This thesis consists of 5 chapters.Chapter 1 is the preface, describing a brief introduction on the development, the Ball Neodymium Magnets present research statement and the coordination modes of several kinds of important ligands and the progress we have made. In chapter 2, four 1D coordination polymers {[Co(4,4’-Azo)(py)2(H2O)2]·2py}n (1), [Zn(4,4’-Azo)(py)2]n (2), {[Cu(4,4’-Azo)(py)(H2O)]·0.5H2O}n (3) and {[Cu(4,4’-Azo)(phen)(H2O)]·0.5DMA}n (4) have been reported. Complex 1, 2, 3 belong to triclinic crystal system with space group P-1. In 1, the coordination geometry of Co(Ⅱ) center a six-coordinated distorted octahedron. 1 is a 1D chain complex connected by bridging 4,4’-azobenzoic dicarboxylate; In 2, the coordination geometry for the five-coordinated center Zn (Ⅱ) is a distorted square pyramid. Similar to 1, 2 is a zigzag chains of Zn bridged by 4,4’-azobenzoic dicarboxylate. The coordination geometry for the four-coordinated center Cu(Ⅱ) is a distorted square in complex 3, which also is a 1D chain connected by bridging 4,4’-azobenzoic dicarboxylate. Complex 4 belongs to monoclinic crystal system with space group P2(1)/n.
The coordination geometry for the five-coordinated center Cu(Ⅱ) is a distorted square pyramid. The structure of complex 4 consists of zigzag chains of copper(II) connected by 4,4’-azobenzoic dicarboxylate ligands. The TGA and IR of four coordination polymers are well agree with the crystal structures.In chapter 3, three 2D coordination polymers [RE(3’3-Azo)1.5(phen)]n (RE=Y(5)、Sm(6)、Er(7))have been synthesized. X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis indicated that they possess very similar structural features. All three complexes belong to monoclinic crystal system with P2(1)/n space group. The coordination geometry for the eight-coordinated RE(Ⅲ) center is a trigonal dodecahedron and surrounded by six O and two N atoms from four 3,3’-ADB and one 1,10-phen ligands, respectively. 3,3’-ADB have two coordination modes,chelate (a) and bridge (b).They have very similar TG curves,still stable when the temperature near 400℃。In chapter 4, two 3D pillar-like coordination polymers [Ba(4,4’-Azo)]n (8) and [Mn(4,4’-Azo)(H2O)2]n (9) have been synthesized. Complex 8 belongs to orthorhombic crystal system with space group Pbca. The coordination geometry for the eight-coordinated Ba(Ⅱ) center is a distorted square antiprism and coordinated by eight oxygens from seven 4,4’-ADB. Ba(II) atoms are bridged by the 4,4’-azobenzoic dicarboxylate anions to form inorganic plymeric layers as honeycomb. 4,4’-ADB plays a role of organic pillar, which exhibited an unusual http://www.chinamagnets.biz eight dentate binding fashion (f) to link the BaO layer into 3D pillar-like structures. Complex 9 belongs to monoclinic crystal system with space group P2(1)/c.
The coordination geometry for the six-coordinated Mn(Ⅱ) center is a distorted octahedron and surrounded by six oxygens from four 4,4’-ADB ligands and two H2O. Mn(II) are bridged by the 4,4’-azobenzoic dicarboxylate anions to form inorganic plymeric layers. 4,4’-ADB plays a role of organic pillar, which exhibited anti-anti bidentate bridge binding fashion (e) to link the MnO layer into 3D pillar-like structures. The TGA and IR of two coordination polymers are well agree with the crystal structures.In chapter 5, four 1D coordination polymers[Ni(IHQS)(4,4’-bpy)0.5(H2O)2]n (10), [Cu(IHQS)(4,4’-bpy)0.5(H2O)]n (11), {[Mn(IHQS)(H2O)2]·2H2O}n (13), [Cd(HQS)(phen)]n (14) and a dinuclear complex [Cu(IHQS)(bpe)0.5(H2O)2]n (12) have been synthesized. Complex 10, 12 belong to monoclinic crystal system with space group P2(1)/n. In 10, the coordination geometry for the six-coordinated Ni(Ⅱ) center is a distorted octahedron. Ni(Ⅱ) is coordinated by two IHQS to form a dinuclear unit. 10 is a 1D infinite chain connected by bridging 4,4’-bpy. The coordination geometry for the five-coordinated center Cu(Ⅱ) is a distorted square pyramid in complex 12, two Cu(Ⅱ) were bridged by bpe to form a dinuclear unit. Complex 11, 13, 14 belong to triclinic crystal system with space group P-1. In 11, the coordination geometry for the five-coordinated Cu(Ⅱ) center is a distorted square pyramid, in which the Cu(Ⅱ) was linked by IHQS to form a infinite chain, and further generated a 1D ladder bichain structure by bridging 4,4’-bpy. The coordination geometry for the six-coordinated center Mn(Ⅱ) is a distorted octahedron in complex 13, every two IHQS adopt bridged (i) to link two Mn(Ⅱ) to form a infinite line of cage; the coordination geometry for the six-coordinated center Cd(Ⅱ) is close to a distorted octahedron in complex 14. The Cd(Ⅱ) is coordinated by two ox from two IHQS to form a dinuclear unit(j), and further formed a 1D infinite chain by bridging the unit with inverted IHQS.The TGA and IR of five coordination polymers are well agree with the crystal structures. Compound 14 emits intensive fluorescence at 488nm upon radiation UV light in solid sate at room temperature.
Study on the Solvthermal Synthesis and Structure of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Compound Based on Polyoxometalates
Study on the Solvthermal Synthesis and Structure of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Compound Based on Polyoxometalates
Polyoxometalate compounds on the basis of Keggin type polyoxoanionclusters exhibit a variety of structures, and is so expected to be applied incatalysis, medicine, materials and so on. Exellent functional materials withnovel crystal structure and unique property are prospected to be obtained byselecting organic ligands and POMs (polyoxometalates) as building blocks.In this thesis, we choose Keggin type polyoxometalat as inorganicbuilding block, 2, 2’ -bipyridine-3, 3’-dicarboxylic acid as organic ligand, rareearth Sm as templating to synthesize coordination neodymium magnets compound containingPOMs under hydrothermal conditions.According to the principles of molecular design, we selectedSmCl3-6H2O、H2bpdc、(NH4)3PO4·MoO3·xH2O as reactants, studied the factorsaffecting the compound synthesis, and got the coordination compound(C10H9N2)3-(PMo12O40) under certain conditions. The produt is characterizedby IR、EDS、elemental anylasis and single crystal X-ray diffractions. Theresult shows that the product is a novel compound not reported yet with bothorganic ligand and polyoxoanion coordinated.The crystal (C10H9N2)3·(PMo12O40) is triclinic, space group P-1with a=11.851(2) A, b=12.771(3) A, c= 19.034(4)A,α=90.23(3)°,β=90.50(3)°,γ=112.57(3)°, V=2660.0(9)A3, Z=2, Dc=2.864 mg/m3,μ(Mo Kα)=2.871mm-1, F(000)=2176, R1=0.0416,ωR2=0.1327.The organic ligand andpolyoxoanion are coordinated by electrostatic power and hydrogen http://www.chinamagnets.biz bondeffection, forming 3D net structure containing cavity. The study on the optical property of the powder sample throughUV-VIS-NIR diffuse reflection spectra suggests that the title compound issemiconductor with band gap of 0.8 eV.Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)of the crystalline complex shows that (C10H9N2)3(PMo12O40) is thermallystable up to 250℃.The synthesis of the coordination compound promoted thedevelopment of material science. And it does good things to the study ofprinciples about synthesis of the crystal and the property study, the propertystudy and the crystal structure through a variety of experiments.
Polyoxometalate compounds on the basis of Keggin type polyoxoanionclusters exhibit a variety of structures, and is so expected to be applied incatalysis, medicine, materials and so on. Exellent functional materials withnovel crystal structure and unique property are prospected to be obtained byselecting organic ligands and POMs (polyoxometalates) as building blocks.In this thesis, we choose Keggin type polyoxometalat as inorganicbuilding block, 2, 2’ -bipyridine-3, 3’-dicarboxylic acid as organic ligand, rareearth Sm as templating to synthesize coordination neodymium magnets compound containingPOMs under hydrothermal conditions.According to the principles of molecular design, we selectedSmCl3-6H2O、H2bpdc、(NH4)3PO4·MoO3·xH2O as reactants, studied the factorsaffecting the compound synthesis, and got the coordination compound(C10H9N2)3-(PMo12O40) under certain conditions. The produt is characterizedby IR、EDS、elemental anylasis and single crystal X-ray diffractions. Theresult shows that the product is a novel compound not reported yet with bothorganic ligand and polyoxoanion coordinated.The crystal (C10H9N2)3·(PMo12O40) is triclinic, space group P-1with a=11.851(2) A, b=12.771(3) A, c= 19.034(4)A,α=90.23(3)°,β=90.50(3)°,γ=112.57(3)°, V=2660.0(9)A3, Z=2, Dc=2.864 mg/m3,μ(Mo Kα)=2.871mm-1, F(000)=2176, R1=0.0416,ωR2=0.1327.The organic ligand andpolyoxoanion are coordinated by electrostatic power and hydrogen http://www.chinamagnets.biz bondeffection, forming 3D net structure containing cavity. The study on the optical property of the powder sample throughUV-VIS-NIR diffuse reflection spectra suggests that the title compound issemiconductor with band gap of 0.8 eV.Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)of the crystalline complex shows that (C10H9N2)3(PMo12O40) is thermallystable up to 250℃.The synthesis of the coordination compound promoted thedevelopment of material science. And it does good things to the study ofprinciples about synthesis of the crystal and the property study, the propertystudy and the crystal structure through a variety of experiments.
2012年9月5日星期三
SmCo永磁材料微观分析研究
SmCo永磁材料微观分析研究
Sm2(Co,Cu,Fe,Zr)17 permanent magnet materials which studied in the article, havingcharacteristics of high magnetic performance, low temperature coefficient andcorrosion-resistant, are applied most widely used among SmCo permanent magneticmaterials. Researches pay lots of attention on its high performance. The most works areput on process and element content to improve materials’ performance. However assintered products, there are more factors which closely relate to performance, such asmicrostructure, heat treatment and chemical compositions."Investigation of the Neodymium Magnets morphologic analyze on Sm2(Co,Cu,Fe,Zr)17 permanentmagnet materials" is brought out focusing on microstructure. The relation betweenmicrostructure and its performance is studied.
Begin with investigating the oxidationbehavior of the magnets during process, the sintered samples were analyzed, the seriesmicrostructure researches of materials are performed.Sm2(Co,Cu,Fe,Zr)17 permanent magnet materials are product in commercialmethod powder metallurgy. During the processes, oxygen enters material inevitably,destroying capability. The previous analyses in microstructure of magnets were takenon their metallographical surface, while in this study was taken on the natural fractureby stroke. By three microstructure method SEM,EDS and XRF, combiningmacroscopical method particle granularity analyzer and oxygen and nitrogen analyzer,the Sm2(Co,Cu,Fe,Zr)17 cast, particle, sinters’ microstructure and chemicalcompositions are analyzed. From the result, the oxidation hole of Sm2O3 particle is themain reason that destroy the performance, the oxygen is distributed http://www.999magnet.com inside 2mm fromthe surface of the material; there are two defects of the alloy which results from theinsymmetircal rate of cooling; the powder produced by air current milling procedures isbetter than that produced by machine milling, the shape of powder is close to globosity,the sintered material is in better performance. According the result, the rule that oxygenentering material, the process of oxidation Sm and the existence model of oxygen inmagnetic material are studied. The effect of the powder’s feature on the magnetic properties also studied.Apply the conclusion on the commercial method powder metallurgy, the lowoxygen technics of rear earth permanent magnet are supported, which advanced theperformance and security.
Sm2(Co,Cu,Fe,Zr)17 permanent magnet materials which studied in the article, havingcharacteristics of high magnetic performance, low temperature coefficient andcorrosion-resistant, are applied most widely used among SmCo permanent magneticmaterials. Researches pay lots of attention on its high performance. The most works areput on process and element content to improve materials’ performance. However assintered products, there are more factors which closely relate to performance, such asmicrostructure, heat treatment and chemical compositions."Investigation of the Neodymium Magnets morphologic analyze on Sm2(Co,Cu,Fe,Zr)17 permanentmagnet materials" is brought out focusing on microstructure. The relation betweenmicrostructure and its performance is studied.
Begin with investigating the oxidationbehavior of the magnets during process, the sintered samples were analyzed, the seriesmicrostructure researches of materials are performed.Sm2(Co,Cu,Fe,Zr)17 permanent magnet materials are product in commercialmethod powder metallurgy. During the processes, oxygen enters material inevitably,destroying capability. The previous analyses in microstructure of magnets were takenon their metallographical surface, while in this study was taken on the natural fractureby stroke. By three microstructure method SEM,EDS and XRF, combiningmacroscopical method particle granularity analyzer and oxygen and nitrogen analyzer,the Sm2(Co,Cu,Fe,Zr)17 cast, particle, sinters’ microstructure and chemicalcompositions are analyzed. From the result, the oxidation hole of Sm2O3 particle is themain reason that destroy the performance, the oxygen is distributed http://www.999magnet.com inside 2mm fromthe surface of the material; there are two defects of the alloy which results from theinsymmetircal rate of cooling; the powder produced by air current milling procedures isbetter than that produced by machine milling, the shape of powder is close to globosity,the sintered material is in better performance. According the result, the rule that oxygenentering material, the process of oxidation Sm and the existence model of oxygen inmagnetic material are studied. The effect of the powder’s feature on the magnetic properties also studied.Apply the conclusion on the commercial method powder metallurgy, the lowoxygen technics of rear earth permanent magnet are supported, which advanced theperformance and security.
Synthesis and Characterization of Coordination Compounds Based on Cyanometalate Building Blocks
Synthesis and Characterization of Coordination Compounds Based on Cyanometalate Building Blocks
Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were obtained by reactions of [N(CH3)4] [Cr(phen)(CN)4]·0.5H2O(phen=1, 10-phenanthroline) with Mn(salen)C1, Fe(salen)C1, Mn(salophen)C1, Fe(salophen)C1, Mn(Brsalophen)C1 and Fe(Brsalophen)C1 (salen=N, N’-bis(salicylidene) ethylenediamine, salophen=N, N’-bis(salicylidene) phenylenediamine) respectively. The strong magnets compound 8 was obtained by reaction of Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]·2H2O with Mn(salophen)C1. The compound 9 was obtained by reaction of[N(CH3)4][Cr(phen)(CN)4]·0.5H2O with rare earth salts. The formula of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are as follows:[Mn(salen)(H2O)2] [Cr(phen)(CN)4] (1)[Fe(salen)(H2O)2][Cr(phen)(CN)4] (2)[Mn(salophen)(C2H5OH)][Cr(phen)(CN)4]·H2O (3)[Fe(salophen)(C2H5OH)][Cr(phen)(CN)4]·H2O (4)[Mn(Brsalophen)(C2H5OH)][Cr(phen)(CN)4]·H2O (5)[Fe(Brsalophen)(C2H5OH)][Cr(phen)(CN)4]·H2O (6) [Mn(salophen)(CH3OH)J[Cr(phen)(CN)4]·H2O (7)[Mn(salophen)(H2O)]2[Fe(CN)5NO]·2CH3OH (8)[Cr(CN)3(phen)(H2O)]2·2.5H2O (9)1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were characterized by elementary analysis, IR, and the structures of 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 are determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction. Compounds 1 and 2 are ionic complexes, 3 and 4 http://www.chinamagnets.biz are cyano-bridged dinuclear complexes, 8 is cyano-bridged trinuclear complex and 9 is mononuclear complex. According to element analysis and IR spectra compounds 5, 6 and 7, structures of them are similar to those of compounds 3 and 4. The magnetic behaviors between CrⅢions and MnⅢions in compound 3 exhibit antiferromagnetic interaction.
Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were obtained by reactions of [N(CH3)4] [Cr(phen)(CN)4]·0.5H2O(phen=1, 10-phenanthroline) with Mn(salen)C1, Fe(salen)C1, Mn(salophen)C1, Fe(salophen)C1, Mn(Brsalophen)C1 and Fe(Brsalophen)C1 (salen=N, N’-bis(salicylidene) ethylenediamine, salophen=N, N’-bis(salicylidene) phenylenediamine) respectively. The strong magnets compound 8 was obtained by reaction of Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]·2H2O with Mn(salophen)C1. The compound 9 was obtained by reaction of[N(CH3)4][Cr(phen)(CN)4]·0.5H2O with rare earth salts. The formula of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are as follows:[Mn(salen)(H2O)2] [Cr(phen)(CN)4] (1)[Fe(salen)(H2O)2][Cr(phen)(CN)4] (2)[Mn(salophen)(C2H5OH)][Cr(phen)(CN)4]·H2O (3)[Fe(salophen)(C2H5OH)][Cr(phen)(CN)4]·H2O (4)[Mn(Brsalophen)(C2H5OH)][Cr(phen)(CN)4]·H2O (5)[Fe(Brsalophen)(C2H5OH)][Cr(phen)(CN)4]·H2O (6) [Mn(salophen)(CH3OH)J[Cr(phen)(CN)4]·H2O (7)[Mn(salophen)(H2O)]2[Fe(CN)5NO]·2CH3OH (8)[Cr(CN)3(phen)(H2O)]2·2.5H2O (9)1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were characterized by elementary analysis, IR, and the structures of 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 are determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction. Compounds 1 and 2 are ionic complexes, 3 and 4 http://www.chinamagnets.biz are cyano-bridged dinuclear complexes, 8 is cyano-bridged trinuclear complex and 9 is mononuclear complex. According to element analysis and IR spectra compounds 5, 6 and 7, structures of them are similar to those of compounds 3 and 4. The magnetic behaviors between CrⅢions and MnⅢions in compound 3 exhibit antiferromagnetic interaction.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Materials Based on Polyoxometalate
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Materials Based on Polyoxometalate
Metal inorganic-organic hybrid materials are formed by self-assembly through coordination bonds between bidentate or multibentate organic ligands and central metal ions.The central ion, in general , is transitional metal ion with a definite coordination model, acting as template and organic ligand with many coordination sites, acting as building block.There are tremendous activities these years in the area of inorganic-organic hybrid materials based on polyoxometalate rare earth magnets because of their diversified structures and interesting properties, which endows these materials with applications to sorption, catalysis, electrical conductivity and solar energy conversion. In this dissertation, there are four parts. The first part isSuccessfully synthesize inorganic-Organic hybridcompound[Nd(PW11 O39 )(H2O3) ](H2bpy)2·4H2O and Gd(bpy)3PW12 O40·4H2O,the two compounds is two new kinds of hybridmaterials.The secong part is ,through single crystal analysis,the firstcompound is deposited as one dimensional chain structure, containedprotonated ligands in the structure,and the space group is P(-1) ,belong to triclinic crystal system.The crystal is a kind of onedimensinonal monosubstituted inorganic-organic hybrid material.Thethird part is when the temperature is lower than 253℃,the http://www.chinamagnets.biz crystal isstable through TG analysis. Also speculate the crystal structure of Gd(bpy)3PW12 O40·4H2O based on crystal theory and information ofpapers.The crystal is also a kind of one dimensionalinorganic-organic hybrid material deposited through(PW12 O40 )3-,contained bpy molecules in the structure .The fourth partis test the factors affecting the outcome through conditionalexperiments. obtain the probable best condition of the synthesis ofthese two crystals. we determine that the best conditions for the firstcompound is temperature equal to 130℃,pH=6, volume of waterequal to 10-17ml, ratio of reactants equal to 4:4:1。The second istemperature equal to 140℃,pH=6, volume of water equal to10-17ml, ratio of reactants equal to 4:4:1。
Metal inorganic-organic hybrid materials are formed by self-assembly through coordination bonds between bidentate or multibentate organic ligands and central metal ions.The central ion, in general , is transitional metal ion with a definite coordination model, acting as template and organic ligand with many coordination sites, acting as building block.There are tremendous activities these years in the area of inorganic-organic hybrid materials based on polyoxometalate rare earth magnets because of their diversified structures and interesting properties, which endows these materials with applications to sorption, catalysis, electrical conductivity and solar energy conversion. In this dissertation, there are four parts. The first part isSuccessfully synthesize inorganic-Organic hybridcompound[Nd(PW11 O39 )(H2O3) ](H2bpy)2·4H2O and Gd(bpy)3PW12 O40·4H2O,the two compounds is two new kinds of hybridmaterials.The secong part is ,through single crystal analysis,the firstcompound is deposited as one dimensional chain structure, containedprotonated ligands in the structure,and the space group is P(-1) ,belong to triclinic crystal system.The crystal is a kind of onedimensinonal monosubstituted inorganic-organic hybrid material.Thethird part is when the temperature is lower than 253℃,the http://www.chinamagnets.biz crystal isstable through TG analysis. Also speculate the crystal structure of Gd(bpy)3PW12 O40·4H2O based on crystal theory and information ofpapers.The crystal is also a kind of one dimensionalinorganic-organic hybrid material deposited through(PW12 O40 )3-,contained bpy molecules in the structure .The fourth partis test the factors affecting the outcome through conditionalexperiments. obtain the probable best condition of the synthesis ofthese two crystals. we determine that the best conditions for the firstcompound is temperature equal to 130℃,pH=6, volume of waterequal to 10-17ml, ratio of reactants equal to 4:4:1。The second istemperature equal to 140℃,pH=6, volume of water equal to10-17ml, ratio of reactants equal to 4:4:1。
The Asymmetric Reaction of Natural Borneol and Linalool Chiral Inducing Carbonyl
The Asymmetric Reaction of Natural Borneol and Linalool Chiral Inducing Carbonyl
In this dissertation,we had focused on the study on Grinard reaction andelectronation reaction of carbonyl group in carbonyl acid being chiron inducted bynatural borneol and linalool.The conditions of esterification reaction of borneol andα-ketone acid (pyruvicacid) Cylinder neodymium magnet were studied in detailed. We explored the effects of reaction time, reactiontemperature, molar ratio of pyruvic acid to bornel and nanometer solid superacidS2O82-/ZRO2 and nanometer rare earth compisite solid superacids, such as:S2O82-/ZrO2-La2O3,S2O82-/ZrO2-CeO2,S2O82-/ZrO2-Nd2O3,S2O82-/ZrO2-Sm2O3, S2O82-/ZrO2-Gd2O3 and S2O82-/ZrO2-Y2O3 as the catalyst, the optimal reaction conditions ofesterification reaction were gained. The melting point of bornyl pyruvate was tested.The structure of bornyl pyruvate was characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR http://www.chinamagnets.biz spectra.Then, the bomyl pyruvate reacts with different Grinard reagents and sodiumborohydride. We also studied stereoselectivity of the reaction and have identificatedthese products.The transesterification ofβ-ketone ester (ethyl acetoacetate) and naturallinalool was studied and the product is chiral linalool acetoacetate. We explored theoptimal reaction conditions of transesterification reaction, then,the chiral linaloolacetoacetate reacts with different Grinard reagents and sodium borohydride.Then thestructures of these products were characterized.
In this dissertation,we had focused on the study on Grinard reaction andelectronation reaction of carbonyl group in carbonyl acid being chiron inducted bynatural borneol and linalool.The conditions of esterification reaction of borneol andα-ketone acid (pyruvicacid) Cylinder neodymium magnet were studied in detailed. We explored the effects of reaction time, reactiontemperature, molar ratio of pyruvic acid to bornel and nanometer solid superacidS2O82-/ZRO2 and nanometer rare earth compisite solid superacids, such as:S2O82-/ZrO2-La2O3,S2O82-/ZrO2-CeO2,S2O82-/ZrO2-Nd2O3,S2O82-/ZrO2-Sm2O3, S2O82-/ZrO2-Gd2O3 and S2O82-/ZrO2-Y2O3 as the catalyst, the optimal reaction conditions ofesterification reaction were gained. The melting point of bornyl pyruvate was tested.The structure of bornyl pyruvate was characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR http://www.chinamagnets.biz spectra.Then, the bomyl pyruvate reacts with different Grinard reagents and sodiumborohydride. We also studied stereoselectivity of the reaction and have identificatedthese products.The transesterification ofβ-ketone ester (ethyl acetoacetate) and naturallinalool was studied and the product is chiral linalool acetoacetate. We explored theoptimal reaction conditions of transesterification reaction, then,the chiral linaloolacetoacetate reacts with different Grinard reagents and sodium borohydride.Then thestructures of these products were characterized.
Study on Synthesis of Metallic Complex and Application in Electroanalysis Chemistry
Study on Synthesis of Metallic Complex and Application in Electroanalysis Chemistry
Many metal organic complexes and organic compounds are widely used as carrier of ion-selective electrode because of special planar coordinated, this is a new cross domain with widely developing prospect among metal organic chemistry, chemical sensor and even more other subjects. Design and synthesis of excellent ion-selectivity electrodes has been one of the important areas in the research of chemical sensors. In this paper, the research focuses on the development of new Cube neodymium magnet solvent polymeric membrane (SPM) ion selective electrodes based on the novel metallic complex as neutral carriers. They can be applied as electrochemical sensors in practice sample analysis.PartⅠof this thesis deals with design of neutral carrier for solvent polymeric membrane salicylate electrode with high selectivity1. o-N-salicylidene-aminophenol-imidazole metallic complexes of copper (Ⅱ) and nickel (Ⅱ) were synthesized. We firstly study the potentiometric response characteristics of the anion-selective solvent polymeric membrane electrode based on complex of Cu(Ⅱ) as neutral carrier, which demonstrates excellent selectivity toward the salicylate ion (Sal-) and anti-Hofmeister selectivity sequence: Sal-, ClO4-, SCN-, I-, NO2-, CI-, F-, Br-, H2PO4-. The electrode exhibits a near-Nemstian potentiometric response in the range 3.0×10-6～1.0x10-1 mol/L with a detection limit of 1.5x10-6 mol/L and a slope of -58.7mV/dec. in pH 4.0 of phosphate buffer solution at 20℃. The response mechanism is discussed in view of the AC. The electrode can be applied to the determination of salicylate in pharmaceutical preparations with satisfactory results.2. The anion response characteristics of o-N-salicylidene-aminophenol metallic complexes as carrier are described. The results show that the electrode based on o-N-salicylidene-aminophenol copper(Ⅱ) [Cu(o-NSAP)] demonstrates excellent potentiometric response towards salicylate (Sal-) and anti-Hofmeister selectivity sequence in following order: Sal-, ClO4-, SCN-, I-, Cl-, NO2-, F-, Br-, H2PO4-.
The electrode demonstrates a near-Nemstian potentiometric response in the range 1.0×10-5～1.0×10-1 mol/L with a detection limit of 5.8×10-6 mol/L and a slope of -59.1 mV/dec, in pH 4.0 of phosphate buffer solution at 25℃. The response mechanism of the electrode was also studied with the AC impedance technique. The electrode can be applied to the determination of salicylate in pharmaceutical preparations with satisfactory results.3. We study the potentiometric response characteristics of the anion-selective PVC membrane electrode based on [La(Ⅲ)(Phen)(Oxine)] complex as neutral carrier, which displays a preferential response to salicylate and an anti-Hofmeister selectivity sequence in following order: Sal-, ClO4-, SCN-, I-, Br-, NO2-, SO32-, Cl-, SO42-. The electrode exhibits a quasinernstian response with a linear range of 1.0×10-5～1.0×10-1mol/L, a detection http://www.chinamagnets.biz limit of 9.8×10-6 mol/L and aslope of -58.5 mV/dec, in pH 4.0 of phosphoratebuffer solution at 20℃. The response mechanism is discussed in view of the AC impedance technique. The electrode can be applied to medicine analysis.PartⅡof this thesis deals with design of neutral carrier for solvent polymeric membrane mercury (Ⅱ) electrode with high selectivity.A novel PVC (polyvinyl chloride) membrane electrode that exhibits high potentiometric response for Hg2+ based on bis(amino-triazole sulfurethers) (BATS) as an suitable neutral carrier was developed. The electrode exhibits a wide concentration range of 1.0×10-5～1.0×10-1 mol/L (the limit of detection is 8.5×10-6 mol/L) for Hg(NO3)2 with a Nemstian slope of 33.4 mV/dec, at pH 2.0. It has a fast response time of about 10 s and can be used for at least 2 months. The membrane sensor could be used in pH range of 1.3-3.3 and revealed good selectivity for Hg2+ over a wide variety of other metal ions. The response mechanism is discussed in view of the AC impedance technique. The electrode was applied to the determination of mercury in different samples and binary mixtures with satisfactory results.
Many metal organic complexes and organic compounds are widely used as carrier of ion-selective electrode because of special planar coordinated, this is a new cross domain with widely developing prospect among metal organic chemistry, chemical sensor and even more other subjects. Design and synthesis of excellent ion-selectivity electrodes has been one of the important areas in the research of chemical sensors. In this paper, the research focuses on the development of new Cube neodymium magnet solvent polymeric membrane (SPM) ion selective electrodes based on the novel metallic complex as neutral carriers. They can be applied as electrochemical sensors in practice sample analysis.PartⅠof this thesis deals with design of neutral carrier for solvent polymeric membrane salicylate electrode with high selectivity1. o-N-salicylidene-aminophenol-imidazole metallic complexes of copper (Ⅱ) and nickel (Ⅱ) were synthesized. We firstly study the potentiometric response characteristics of the anion-selective solvent polymeric membrane electrode based on complex of Cu(Ⅱ) as neutral carrier, which demonstrates excellent selectivity toward the salicylate ion (Sal-) and anti-Hofmeister selectivity sequence: Sal-, ClO4-, SCN-, I-, NO2-, CI-, F-, Br-, H2PO4-. The electrode exhibits a near-Nemstian potentiometric response in the range 3.0×10-6～1.0x10-1 mol/L with a detection limit of 1.5x10-6 mol/L and a slope of -58.7mV/dec. in pH 4.0 of phosphate buffer solution at 20℃. The response mechanism is discussed in view of the AC. The electrode can be applied to the determination of salicylate in pharmaceutical preparations with satisfactory results.2. The anion response characteristics of o-N-salicylidene-aminophenol metallic complexes as carrier are described. The results show that the electrode based on o-N-salicylidene-aminophenol copper(Ⅱ) [Cu(o-NSAP)] demonstrates excellent potentiometric response towards salicylate (Sal-) and anti-Hofmeister selectivity sequence in following order: Sal-, ClO4-, SCN-, I-, Cl-, NO2-, F-, Br-, H2PO4-.
The electrode demonstrates a near-Nemstian potentiometric response in the range 1.0×10-5～1.0×10-1 mol/L with a detection limit of 5.8×10-6 mol/L and a slope of -59.1 mV/dec, in pH 4.0 of phosphate buffer solution at 25℃. The response mechanism of the electrode was also studied with the AC impedance technique. The electrode can be applied to the determination of salicylate in pharmaceutical preparations with satisfactory results.3. We study the potentiometric response characteristics of the anion-selective PVC membrane electrode based on [La(Ⅲ)(Phen)(Oxine)] complex as neutral carrier, which displays a preferential response to salicylate and an anti-Hofmeister selectivity sequence in following order: Sal-, ClO4-, SCN-, I-, Br-, NO2-, SO32-, Cl-, SO42-. The electrode exhibits a quasinernstian response with a linear range of 1.0×10-5～1.0×10-1mol/L, a detection http://www.chinamagnets.biz limit of 9.8×10-6 mol/L and aslope of -58.5 mV/dec, in pH 4.0 of phosphoratebuffer solution at 20℃. The response mechanism is discussed in view of the AC impedance technique. The electrode can be applied to medicine analysis.PartⅡof this thesis deals with design of neutral carrier for solvent polymeric membrane mercury (Ⅱ) electrode with high selectivity.A novel PVC (polyvinyl chloride) membrane electrode that exhibits high potentiometric response for Hg2+ based on bis(amino-triazole sulfurethers) (BATS) as an suitable neutral carrier was developed. The electrode exhibits a wide concentration range of 1.0×10-5～1.0×10-1 mol/L (the limit of detection is 8.5×10-6 mol/L) for Hg(NO3)2 with a Nemstian slope of 33.4 mV/dec, at pH 2.0. It has a fast response time of about 10 s and can be used for at least 2 months. The membrane sensor could be used in pH range of 1.3-3.3 and revealed good selectivity for Hg2+ over a wide variety of other metal ions. The response mechanism is discussed in view of the AC impedance technique. The electrode was applied to the determination of mercury in different samples and binary mixtures with satisfactory results.
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