题名:氟两相技术在替米沙坦中间体合成中的应用研究
作者:陶锋
学位授予单位:南京理工大学
关键词:替米沙坦;;合成;;氟两相催化技术
摘要:
替米沙坦是一种抗高血压新药。国内外有关替米沙坦的研究集中在药理药效研究等方面,对其及中间体的合成的研究报导较少。
论文以3-甲基-4-硝基苯甲酸为起始原料Neodymium magnets,经还原、酯化、酰化、硝化、还原、闭环、水解、成环、烃基化和水解等十步反应,最终合成了替米沙坦。并将氟两相催化技术运用于酯化、硝化和缩合等单元反应。以3-甲基-4-硝基苯甲酸计,总得率为36.3%。
用相应的稀土氯化物或氧化物和全氟辛基磺酸反应来制备RE(OPf)3 (RE=Sc,Y, La-Lu),合成了部分过渡金属相应的全氟辛基磺酸盐(M(OPf)_x, M= Ti-Zn, x=2,3,4,5),并以DSC、ICP、IR和元素分析等手段对其进行了表征。
研究了还原、酰化、水解和烃基化等过程反应。对温度、时间、催化剂用量、溶剂用量及进料摩尔比等工艺条件进行了研究,确定了各步反应的最佳工艺。
以RE(OPf)3为催化剂,并选取全氟己烷(C_6F_(14))、全氟甲苯(C7F8)、全氟甲基环己烷(C_7F_(14))、全氟辛烷(C_8F_(18))、1-溴代全氟辛烷(C8F_(17)Br)和全氟萘烷(C_(10)F_(18))为全氟溶剂,对酯化反应、硝化反应、胺和酮缩合等有机反应进行了研究。考察了温度、时间、催化剂种类和用量、氟溶剂的种类和氟相与http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php有机相相比等工艺条件对上述反应的影响。研究表明Yb(OPf)3和全氟萘烷(C_(10)F_(18))分别是最好的催化剂和全氟溶剂。含有催化剂的氟相通过简单的相分离,就可回收利用,氟相重复使用5次,其催化活性无明显降低。
学位年度:2009
2011年10月31日星期一
宽温域固体润滑材料及涂层的高温摩擦学特性研究
题名:宽温域固体润滑材料及涂层的高温摩擦学特性研究
作者:李建亮
学位授予单位:南京理工大学
关键词:镍基复合材料;;渗Mo;;表面微孔化;;固体润滑;;宽温域
摘要:
室温到高温具有良好摩擦学性能的润滑材料是尖端工业领域迫切需要解决的难题。固体润滑剂与传统液体润滑剂相比在高温摩擦领域具有优势,但常用的固体润滑剂石墨、MoS2和低熔点金属在高温易氧化而失去润滑性能；一些稀土化合物和氧化物高温润滑性能好,但室温易导致磨粒磨损。合理运用多种润滑剂的协同Neodymium magnets润滑效应是实现室温到高温宽温度范围润滑的有效方法之一。以往研究通常是在金属基体中添加固体润滑剂制备复合材料或在金属基体表面沉积润滑涂层,复合材料中润滑剂添加量少对润滑性能改善效果不明显,而润滑剂添加量过多则会导致力学性能的显著下降；而润滑涂层寿命有限,一旦失效将造成灾难性后果。
本论文从润滑剂组元、表面形貌及润滑渗层等方面设计宽温度范围自润滑材料,用粉末冶金法制备含石墨、Ag、MoS2及Ce02的镍基自润滑复合材料,利用石墨或金属银在低温段润滑,利用硫化物或氧化物在高温段润滑；采用脉冲激光在镍基材料表面刻蚀微孔来存储润滑氧化物；采用双层辉光等离子渗金属技术对微孔化表面渗Mo或Mo／N复合渗处理以改善表面耐磨性能。研究多种润滑剂的协同润滑作用以及表面形貌与润滑渗层的复合运用。固体润滑复合材料表面制备润滑渗层,改善复合材料的表面力学性能和摩擦学性能,该研究对于解决极端工况下工作的转动密封、高温轴承的摩擦润滑问题具有重要的指导意义。
研究了镍基自润滑复合材料、渗Mo层以及Mo／N复合渗层的力学性能、抗氧化性能以及室温～600℃的摩擦学性能,并探讨了润滑剂添加量、温度、载荷、配副材料及微孔化、渗Mo处理对摩擦学行为的影响。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及X射线衍射仪观察分析镍基复合材料及渗层的微观组织形貌,采用白光干涉三维表面轮廓仪观察微孔形貌,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子能谱(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析高温磨损表面形貌及其成分。
镍基自润滑复合材料中,石墨与钨热压反应生成碳化钨,MoS2与铬反应生成CrxSx+1共晶化合物。添加一定量的MoS2,由于Mo的固溶强化,提高了复合材料的硬度和抗弯强度。添加石墨和MoS2分别有利于降低镍基合金室温段和高温段的摩擦系数,同时添加石墨和MoS2的镍基材料含有硬质相(Mo2C、WC)及润滑相(CrxSx+1、石墨)其室温到700℃的摩擦系数(0.14-0.27)低于添加单一润滑剂的复合材料,且磨损率比添加单一润滑剂的材料低一个数量级。添加MoS2的镍基复合材料,由于低熔点硫化物的摩擦熔融,获得了较低的摩擦系数。润滑剂的添加,降低了材料的抗氧化性能。随润滑剂添加量的增加,复合材料的氧化激活能线性变化。
添加金属银有利于改善镍基材料中低温段的摩擦学性能,银添加量为10%时,Ni-Ag合金室温摩擦系数降低为0.2。添加Ce02有利于高温摩擦表面致密氧化膜的形成,降低了Ni-Ag合金的高温摩擦系数和磨损率。http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php同时添加Ag、MoS2和Ce02的镍基复合材料含有Ag、CrxSx+1、CeS等润滑相,室温～700℃的摩擦系数降低到0.16-0.26,磨损率下降了一个数量级。
双层辉光等离子渗金属技术在镍基合金表面获得了厚度为20-30μm的渗Mo层,其表面Mo浓度为34wt%,渗Mo处理提高了镍基合金表面的硬度和弹性模量,降低了合金高温段的摩擦系数和磨损率。渗Mo基础上渗氮处理,在Ni-Ag合金表面形成的MoN化合物层,提高了表面力学性能,但连续的化合物层阻碍了内部润滑剂银的释放,对摩擦学性能产生不利影响。
激光微孔化处理在镍基合金表面形成直径为150μm,深度为40～50μm,规则排列的微孔。微孔化表面渗Mo处理,Mo的高温润滑性氧化物降低了高温摩擦系数,微孔存储润滑性氧化物,并且存积硬质磨粒,降低了高温磨损率。激光微孔化表面进行Mo／N复合渗处理,Ni-Ag合金中内含的银可以通过微孔向外释放,并且硬质渗层提高了软质润滑膜的承载能力,降低了银的摩擦损耗,提高了高温摩擦学性能。
镍基复合材料和渗层的动态氧化增重抛物线常数比静态氧化增重高2个数量级。在传统的氧化磨损模型及熔融磨损模型的基础上,建立了更接近于实验值的镍基复合材料及渗层的高温氧化物熔融磨损模型,计算了复合材料的静态和动态氧化激活能,阐述了高温摩擦表面氧化物的生成、剥落／部分熔融以及致密承载层的形成等演化过程。
学位年度:2009
作者:李建亮
学位授予单位:南京理工大学
关键词:镍基复合材料;;渗Mo;;表面微孔化;;固体润滑;;宽温域
摘要:
室温到高温具有良好摩擦学性能的润滑材料是尖端工业领域迫切需要解决的难题。固体润滑剂与传统液体润滑剂相比在高温摩擦领域具有优势,但常用的固体润滑剂石墨、MoS2和低熔点金属在高温易氧化而失去润滑性能；一些稀土化合物和氧化物高温润滑性能好,但室温易导致磨粒磨损。合理运用多种润滑剂的协同Neodymium magnets润滑效应是实现室温到高温宽温度范围润滑的有效方法之一。以往研究通常是在金属基体中添加固体润滑剂制备复合材料或在金属基体表面沉积润滑涂层,复合材料中润滑剂添加量少对润滑性能改善效果不明显,而润滑剂添加量过多则会导致力学性能的显著下降；而润滑涂层寿命有限,一旦失效将造成灾难性后果。
本论文从润滑剂组元、表面形貌及润滑渗层等方面设计宽温度范围自润滑材料,用粉末冶金法制备含石墨、Ag、MoS2及Ce02的镍基自润滑复合材料,利用石墨或金属银在低温段润滑,利用硫化物或氧化物在高温段润滑；采用脉冲激光在镍基材料表面刻蚀微孔来存储润滑氧化物；采用双层辉光等离子渗金属技术对微孔化表面渗Mo或Mo／N复合渗处理以改善表面耐磨性能。研究多种润滑剂的协同润滑作用以及表面形貌与润滑渗层的复合运用。固体润滑复合材料表面制备润滑渗层,改善复合材料的表面力学性能和摩擦学性能,该研究对于解决极端工况下工作的转动密封、高温轴承的摩擦润滑问题具有重要的指导意义。
研究了镍基自润滑复合材料、渗Mo层以及Mo／N复合渗层的力学性能、抗氧化性能以及室温～600℃的摩擦学性能,并探讨了润滑剂添加量、温度、载荷、配副材料及微孔化、渗Mo处理对摩擦学行为的影响。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及X射线衍射仪观察分析镍基复合材料及渗层的微观组织形貌,采用白光干涉三维表面轮廓仪观察微孔形貌,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子能谱(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析高温磨损表面形貌及其成分。
镍基自润滑复合材料中,石墨与钨热压反应生成碳化钨,MoS2与铬反应生成CrxSx+1共晶化合物。添加一定量的MoS2,由于Mo的固溶强化,提高了复合材料的硬度和抗弯强度。添加石墨和MoS2分别有利于降低镍基合金室温段和高温段的摩擦系数,同时添加石墨和MoS2的镍基材料含有硬质相(Mo2C、WC)及润滑相(CrxSx+1、石墨)其室温到700℃的摩擦系数(0.14-0.27)低于添加单一润滑剂的复合材料,且磨损率比添加单一润滑剂的材料低一个数量级。添加MoS2的镍基复合材料,由于低熔点硫化物的摩擦熔融,获得了较低的摩擦系数。润滑剂的添加,降低了材料的抗氧化性能。随润滑剂添加量的增加,复合材料的氧化激活能线性变化。
添加金属银有利于改善镍基材料中低温段的摩擦学性能,银添加量为10%时,Ni-Ag合金室温摩擦系数降低为0.2。添加Ce02有利于高温摩擦表面致密氧化膜的形成,降低了Ni-Ag合金的高温摩擦系数和磨损率。http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php同时添加Ag、MoS2和Ce02的镍基复合材料含有Ag、CrxSx+1、CeS等润滑相,室温～700℃的摩擦系数降低到0.16-0.26,磨损率下降了一个数量级。
双层辉光等离子渗金属技术在镍基合金表面获得了厚度为20-30μm的渗Mo层,其表面Mo浓度为34wt%,渗Mo处理提高了镍基合金表面的硬度和弹性模量,降低了合金高温段的摩擦系数和磨损率。渗Mo基础上渗氮处理,在Ni-Ag合金表面形成的MoN化合物层,提高了表面力学性能,但连续的化合物层阻碍了内部润滑剂银的释放,对摩擦学性能产生不利影响。
激光微孔化处理在镍基合金表面形成直径为150μm,深度为40～50μm,规则排列的微孔。微孔化表面渗Mo处理,Mo的高温润滑性氧化物降低了高温摩擦系数,微孔存储润滑性氧化物,并且存积硬质磨粒,降低了高温磨损率。激光微孔化表面进行Mo／N复合渗处理,Ni-Ag合金中内含的银可以通过微孔向外释放,并且硬质渗层提高了软质润滑膜的承载能力,降低了银的摩擦损耗,提高了高温摩擦学性能。
镍基复合材料和渗层的动态氧化增重抛物线常数比静态氧化增重高2个数量级。在传统的氧化磨损模型及熔融磨损模型的基础上,建立了更接近于实验值的镍基复合材料及渗层的高温氧化物熔融磨损模型,计算了复合材料的静态和动态氧化激活能,阐述了高温摩擦表面氧化物的生成、剥落／部分熔融以及致密承载层的形成等演化过程。
学位年度:2009
REBCO液相外延中的微结构控制以及薄膜热稳定性的研究
题名:REBCO液相外延中的微结构控制以及薄膜热稳定性的研究
作者:汤晨毅
学位授予单位:上海交通大学
关键词:液相外延;;取向转变;;薄膜;;热稳定性
摘要:
高温超导体由于其强烈的各向异性导致了其超导性能对于微观结构,特别是晶界结构的强烈依赖。高温超导材料的广泛应用前景与高温超导机制的深入探究,全都有赖于高品质的各种形式的样品的成功制备。为了得到各种具有良好性能的超导材料,精确的微结构控制是超导材料发展的必然方向。而这些研究反Neodymium magnets过来又进一步推动了材料科学领域的发展。在诸多制备方法中,液相外延以其低成本,高速度,高品质的特点成为一种重要的高温超导材料制备手段。利用液相外延的手段制备组分均匀,结构可控的REBa2Cu3O7-δ(REBCO, RE=rare earth)厚膜一直是我们的研究目标之一。本论文的主要科学意义在于将液相外延膜的取向控制工作由YBa2Cu3O7-δ(YBCO,Y123)系统扩展到了SmBa2Cu3O7-δ(SmBCO)系统,分析了固溶体特性对于SmBCO取向控制的影响,详细研究了各种a-c轴晶界的生长条件和形成机制,并在大约1mm的尺度上实现了均匀分布的a-c轴晶界,这些结果对于涂层导体制备有一定普适的指导意义。提出了较为完整的REBCO液相外延取向转变机制。研究了晶粒面内取向对于YBCO薄膜热稳定性的影响,并将具有过热性质的YBCO薄膜应用于YBCO块材熔融织构的生长中,为REBCO系统熔融织构块材制备的籽晶选择提供了全新的思路。经过几年的研究,目前主要取得了以下一些成果:
1. SmBCO液相外延膜的a-c轴生长取向控制
SmBCO具有比YBCO更高的超导转变温度(Tc)和更好的外磁场下的临界电流密度(Jc)。不论是气相沉积还是液相外延,目前世界上还没有纯a轴SmBCO膜的制备报道。我们在之前关于YBCO取向生长控制研究的经验基础上,通过提供Ba:Cu=3:7的溶液以及纯氧气生长气氛,成功获得了纯a轴的SmBCO液相外延膜。由于SmBCO具有固溶体特性,Sm原子与Ba原子在一定程度上会发生相互取代,减少了c轴生长所需要的最小扩散长度,因此SmBCO c轴生长所遇到的动力学障碍被削弱,使得SmBCO难以获得a轴生长。在Y+Sm混合系统中对a轴和c轴晶粒的EDX分析也支持了这个推断。另一方面,SmBCO液相外延过程中获得的过饱和度通常也要大于YBCO,较大的过饱和度可能超出a轴的生长区间,同时还会造成晶粒的快速长大,都不利于纯a轴膜的获得。
2. a-c轴晶界的控制与a-c轴取向转变机制的解释
我们系统的研究了液相外延中介于纯a轴生长与纯c轴生长区域之间的a-c轴混合生长情况,发现了在不同过饱和度条件下可以得到具有不同结构的a-c轴晶界。根据不同过饱和度情况下a/c轴晶粒的生长竞争解释了不同的a-c晶界的形成机制。在有些生长条件下可以得到a轴晶粒均匀分布在c轴基体中,且a轴晶粒具有统一的面内取向和良好的a-c晶界。这样的混合生长结构不会抑制超导电流的传输且可能提供有效的磁通钉扎的来源。通过自己的实验研究与大量的文献调研,我们建立了较为完整的REBCO液相外延生长取向转变机制。当系统中的过饱和度非常低时,a-c轴取向主要由热力学因素http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php控制。由于c轴晶粒具有更好的热稳定性和更低的界面能量,具有更强的稳定性,而a轴较为不稳定,在这种情况下无法生长,因此得到的是c轴生长。在系统过饱和度能够维持a轴晶粒生长后,动力学因素开始主导液相外延膜的取向:过饱和度相对低时,原子容易脱离生长表面回到溶液中去,导致其在生长表面的扩散距离较短,从而表现出a轴生长;过饱和度较高时,原子扩散距离增加,生长取向又再次变为c轴。这个解释可以将目前互相矛盾的实验结果统一起来,对于深入理解取向转变机制以及更好的控制生长具有单一取向的液相外延膜都有重要意义。
3. YBCO薄膜面内取向对其熔化行为的影响以及过热YBCO膜的应用
低维材料的热稳定性很大程度上取决于其微观结构。当YBCO薄膜晶粒具有良好的面内取向排列时,薄膜与MgO基板间有良好的半共格外延关系,熔化的形核与生长都能够被抑制,由此可以达到很高程度的过热。而YBCO薄膜晶粒的面内取向较为杂乱时,薄膜与基板间的界面存在大量位错、晶界等缺陷,这些缺陷会成为熔化时额外的能量来源,促进熔化的形核和发展。利用YBCO/MgO的过热性质,我们尝试了使用过热YBCO膜作籽晶同质外延YBCO块材。在长达1.5小时高于Y123包晶反应温度的环境下,YBCO薄膜没有完全熔化,起到了籽晶的作用。我们分析了籽晶长时间过热的原因,认为高度过饱和的熔体与导致较低Y溶解度的Ba/Cu比组分,以及在缓慢加热过程中的晶粒粗化作用导致了YBCO薄膜的长时间过热。我们的实验结果肯定了过热薄膜同质外延超导块材的思路,为诸如SmBCO和NdBCO等高熔点的REBCO块材生长的籽晶选择提供了非常好的思路。
通过本论文的工作,希望能够为进一步理解液相外延过程中的取向控制因素,制备取向或是微结构可控的液相外延膜提供定性的指导,同时也为气相沉积制备特殊取向或微结构的薄膜提供参考。对于薄膜热稳定性的研究既能够为薄膜制备提供反馈,也为熔融织构块材制备提供了新的籽晶选择。
学位年度:2009
作者:汤晨毅
学位授予单位:上海交通大学
关键词:液相外延;;取向转变;;薄膜;;热稳定性
摘要:
高温超导体由于其强烈的各向异性导致了其超导性能对于微观结构,特别是晶界结构的强烈依赖。高温超导材料的广泛应用前景与高温超导机制的深入探究,全都有赖于高品质的各种形式的样品的成功制备。为了得到各种具有良好性能的超导材料,精确的微结构控制是超导材料发展的必然方向。而这些研究反Neodymium magnets过来又进一步推动了材料科学领域的发展。在诸多制备方法中,液相外延以其低成本,高速度,高品质的特点成为一种重要的高温超导材料制备手段。利用液相外延的手段制备组分均匀,结构可控的REBa2Cu3O7-δ(REBCO, RE=rare earth)厚膜一直是我们的研究目标之一。本论文的主要科学意义在于将液相外延膜的取向控制工作由YBa2Cu3O7-δ(YBCO,Y123)系统扩展到了SmBa2Cu3O7-δ(SmBCO)系统,分析了固溶体特性对于SmBCO取向控制的影响,详细研究了各种a-c轴晶界的生长条件和形成机制,并在大约1mm的尺度上实现了均匀分布的a-c轴晶界,这些结果对于涂层导体制备有一定普适的指导意义。提出了较为完整的REBCO液相外延取向转变机制。研究了晶粒面内取向对于YBCO薄膜热稳定性的影响,并将具有过热性质的YBCO薄膜应用于YBCO块材熔融织构的生长中,为REBCO系统熔融织构块材制备的籽晶选择提供了全新的思路。经过几年的研究,目前主要取得了以下一些成果:
1. SmBCO液相外延膜的a-c轴生长取向控制
SmBCO具有比YBCO更高的超导转变温度(Tc)和更好的外磁场下的临界电流密度(Jc)。不论是气相沉积还是液相外延,目前世界上还没有纯a轴SmBCO膜的制备报道。我们在之前关于YBCO取向生长控制研究的经验基础上,通过提供Ba:Cu=3:7的溶液以及纯氧气生长气氛,成功获得了纯a轴的SmBCO液相外延膜。由于SmBCO具有固溶体特性,Sm原子与Ba原子在一定程度上会发生相互取代,减少了c轴生长所需要的最小扩散长度,因此SmBCO c轴生长所遇到的动力学障碍被削弱,使得SmBCO难以获得a轴生长。在Y+Sm混合系统中对a轴和c轴晶粒的EDX分析也支持了这个推断。另一方面,SmBCO液相外延过程中获得的过饱和度通常也要大于YBCO,较大的过饱和度可能超出a轴的生长区间,同时还会造成晶粒的快速长大,都不利于纯a轴膜的获得。
2. a-c轴晶界的控制与a-c轴取向转变机制的解释
我们系统的研究了液相外延中介于纯a轴生长与纯c轴生长区域之间的a-c轴混合生长情况,发现了在不同过饱和度条件下可以得到具有不同结构的a-c轴晶界。根据不同过饱和度情况下a/c轴晶粒的生长竞争解释了不同的a-c晶界的形成机制。在有些生长条件下可以得到a轴晶粒均匀分布在c轴基体中,且a轴晶粒具有统一的面内取向和良好的a-c晶界。这样的混合生长结构不会抑制超导电流的传输且可能提供有效的磁通钉扎的来源。通过自己的实验研究与大量的文献调研,我们建立了较为完整的REBCO液相外延生长取向转变机制。当系统中的过饱和度非常低时,a-c轴取向主要由热力学因素http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php控制。由于c轴晶粒具有更好的热稳定性和更低的界面能量,具有更强的稳定性,而a轴较为不稳定,在这种情况下无法生长,因此得到的是c轴生长。在系统过饱和度能够维持a轴晶粒生长后,动力学因素开始主导液相外延膜的取向:过饱和度相对低时,原子容易脱离生长表面回到溶液中去,导致其在生长表面的扩散距离较短,从而表现出a轴生长;过饱和度较高时,原子扩散距离增加,生长取向又再次变为c轴。这个解释可以将目前互相矛盾的实验结果统一起来,对于深入理解取向转变机制以及更好的控制生长具有单一取向的液相外延膜都有重要意义。
3. YBCO薄膜面内取向对其熔化行为的影响以及过热YBCO膜的应用
低维材料的热稳定性很大程度上取决于其微观结构。当YBCO薄膜晶粒具有良好的面内取向排列时,薄膜与MgO基板间有良好的半共格外延关系,熔化的形核与生长都能够被抑制,由此可以达到很高程度的过热。而YBCO薄膜晶粒的面内取向较为杂乱时,薄膜与基板间的界面存在大量位错、晶界等缺陷,这些缺陷会成为熔化时额外的能量来源,促进熔化的形核和发展。利用YBCO/MgO的过热性质,我们尝试了使用过热YBCO膜作籽晶同质外延YBCO块材。在长达1.5小时高于Y123包晶反应温度的环境下,YBCO薄膜没有完全熔化,起到了籽晶的作用。我们分析了籽晶长时间过热的原因,认为高度过饱和的熔体与导致较低Y溶解度的Ba/Cu比组分,以及在缓慢加热过程中的晶粒粗化作用导致了YBCO薄膜的长时间过热。我们的实验结果肯定了过热薄膜同质外延超导块材的思路,为诸如SmBCO和NdBCO等高熔点的REBCO块材生长的籽晶选择提供了非常好的思路。
通过本论文的工作,希望能够为进一步理解液相外延过程中的取向控制因素,制备取向或是微结构可控的液相外延膜提供定性的指导,同时也为气相沉积制备特殊取向或微结构的薄膜提供参考。对于薄膜热稳定性的研究既能够为薄膜制备提供反馈,也为熔融织构块材制备提供了新的籽晶选择。
学位年度:2009
中国东部新生代碱性玄武岩有关锆石巨晶地球化学和Hf同位素：成因及其与大陆岩石圈壳—幔作用研究
题名:中国东部新生代碱性玄武岩有关锆石巨晶地球化学和Hf同位素：成因及其与大陆岩石圈壳—幔作用研究
作者:丘志力
学位授予单位:浙江大学
关键词:中国东部:4130,巨晶:4120,碱性玄武岩:3739,新生代玄武岩:3271,碱性橄榄玄武岩:3209,包裹体:2744,中新生代:2658,地球化学:2632,同位素组成:2316,岩石圈减薄:2017
摘要:
锆石是目前最重要的矿物地球化学探针之一,关于锆石的研究已经成为新的一门学问-锆石学。中国东部华南、华北和东北等Neodymium magnets不同构造单元新生代玄武岩和地幔包体中发现一套特殊的锆石巨晶组合,对这种巨晶成因及其与深部壳-幔作用过程的研究对于进一步深入理解中国东部发生的岩石圈减薄作用及其机理具有重要作用。本文在前人工作的基础上,运用红外及激光拉曼探针技术,电子探针分析(EPMA),激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱技术(LA-ICPMS)和配有激光器的多接收等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICPMS)对中国东部多个产地锆石巨晶的结构、包裹体、主微量元素、U-Pb年龄以及Hf同位素进行了详细分析,结合前人对中国东部玄武岩、地幔岩岩石地球化学及同位素的研究成果,探讨了锆石巨晶的成因及其与岩石圈减薄过程的关系,取得了如下的认识:
1、中国东部和锆石巨晶有关岩石类型主要为碱性玄武岩,具有贫硅、富碱和高Fe/Mn比值、低Nb/Ta比值的特征,南(东南沿海)北(华北和东北)区域的特征基本一致;赋存巨晶的碱性玄武岩包含多种类型地幔岩包体橄榄石Mg/Mg+Fe平均88.63,易熔组分FeO、TiO_2、Al_2O_3、CaO和K_2O+Na_2O相对富集,经历过显性地幔交代作用;相关的锆石巨晶最常见柱面{110}单形,结晶度高,变生程度低,具有高的ZrO_2/HfO_2比值,阴极发光多数具有震荡环带,红外及显微红外光谱在3500～3700 cm~(-1)之间含有明显的吸收带,显示结构水的存在。
2、研究的四个产地锆石巨晶存在共同的锆石-磁铁矿-CO_2矿物及流体-熔体包裹体组合。除此之外,巨晶还含有黑云母,斜锆石、磷灰石、镁铁矿、方解石、正长石、赤铁矿等矿物包裹体,以及富含稀土元素La、Ce的矿物包裹体(怀疑为独居石,绿帘石):含有富含SiO_2(＞60%)和碱性组分以及富Al、Zn、Zr和Ca的硅酸质熔体包裹体和大量不混熔的流体-熔体相包裹体,显示出锆石巨晶形成于富含SiO_2、Fe、Zr、碱性组分、水和CO_2的流体-熔体环境,巨晶的平均结晶温度范围为657-692℃之间(Ti地质温度计)。巨晶包裹体特征和中国东部地幔岩包体中发现的富硅、碱地幔交代流体具有相似性显示出两者存在明显的成因联系。
3、LA-ICPMS分析显示,锆石巨晶的稀土总量大部分数据集中在15～300ppm范围,巨晶具重稀土(HREE)明显富集,Ce正异常明显,没有或只有微弱的Eu负异常,不同产地锆石巨晶稀土配分模式呈现一致的从左向右倾斜的变形“N”字模式和一致的微量元素组成模式的特征;锆石巨晶从中心到边缘环带不同位置稀土元素和微量元素含量及比值有变化,但不显示一致的由高到低或者相反的变化规律,暗示中国东部玄武岩的锆石巨晶并非形成于简单的岩浆降温体系。但Th/U比值多数大于0.4,主体显http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php示出岩浆锆石的特点。锆石巨晶Ta明显富集,具有很低的Nb/Ta比值,显示出锆石巨晶可能结晶于强烈演化的、具有低Nb/Ta和Nb/U比值的岩浆源区(壳源物质加入)或者结晶过程中源区Nb、Ta发生过明显的分异,显示巨晶成因可以用再循环地壳残余含金红石榴辉岩和地幔流体或熔体的交代作用进行解释。
4、海南蓬莱锆石巨晶的U-Pb同位素平均加权年龄为4.37±0.24Ma,福建明溪锆石巨晶两组平均加权年龄分别为1.27±0.36Ma和3.75±0.63Ma;黑龙江穆棱锆石巨晶平均加权年龄为8.82±0.27Ma;山东的数据质量较差,有限锆石巨晶的三组年龄为5.00±0.66 Ma,15.98±0.58Ma,20.56±0.80Ma;上述数据显示中国东部锆石巨晶的U-Pb同位素年龄与其寄主玄武岩的喷发时代具有一致性。
5、MC-ICPMS分析获得锆石巨晶的~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf变化在0.282883±14～0.283151±7,相应的ε_(Hf)为3.9±0.5～13.4±0.3,落在亏损地幔范围内,其中海南锆石巨晶的~(176)HF/~(177)Hf比值最小,并有较大的变化范围,而黑龙江锆石巨晶的~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf比值为0.283105～0.283151,变化范围较窄,但其~(176)Lu/~(177)Hf的变化范围最大,ε_(Hf)为+11.8～+13.4,是4个产地锆石巨晶中的最高值。Hf同位素计算显示,我国东部岩石圈地幔的交代作用可能发生在中新生代。
综合上述工作,本文认为中国东部新生代新近纪及第四纪玄武岩有关的锆石巨晶是亏损的软流圈地幔(包括流体或熔体)与岩石圈再循环残余物质交代反应的产物;结合前人发现的中国东部中生代期间南北区域所发现存在加厚地壳的证据和现今的岩石圈厚度明显低于古生代,岩石圈主体组成具有“新生”性质的成果,东南沿海和华北及东北部新生代玄武岩刚玉/锆石巨晶的成矿反映了整个中国东部在中新生代均发生过岩石圈的减薄,刚玉/锆石巨晶是经过部分熔融后含金红石榴辉岩下地壳残余在岩石圈拆沉过程中与软流圈流体-熔体相互作用的产物。
学位年度:2009
作者:丘志力
学位授予单位:浙江大学
关键词:中国东部:4130,巨晶:4120,碱性玄武岩:3739,新生代玄武岩:3271,碱性橄榄玄武岩:3209,包裹体:2744,中新生代:2658,地球化学:2632,同位素组成:2316,岩石圈减薄:2017
摘要:
锆石是目前最重要的矿物地球化学探针之一,关于锆石的研究已经成为新的一门学问-锆石学。中国东部华南、华北和东北等Neodymium magnets不同构造单元新生代玄武岩和地幔包体中发现一套特殊的锆石巨晶组合,对这种巨晶成因及其与深部壳-幔作用过程的研究对于进一步深入理解中国东部发生的岩石圈减薄作用及其机理具有重要作用。本文在前人工作的基础上,运用红外及激光拉曼探针技术,电子探针分析(EPMA),激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱技术(LA-ICPMS)和配有激光器的多接收等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICPMS)对中国东部多个产地锆石巨晶的结构、包裹体、主微量元素、U-Pb年龄以及Hf同位素进行了详细分析,结合前人对中国东部玄武岩、地幔岩岩石地球化学及同位素的研究成果,探讨了锆石巨晶的成因及其与岩石圈减薄过程的关系,取得了如下的认识:
1、中国东部和锆石巨晶有关岩石类型主要为碱性玄武岩,具有贫硅、富碱和高Fe/Mn比值、低Nb/Ta比值的特征,南(东南沿海)北(华北和东北)区域的特征基本一致;赋存巨晶的碱性玄武岩包含多种类型地幔岩包体橄榄石Mg/Mg+Fe平均88.63,易熔组分FeO、TiO_2、Al_2O_3、CaO和K_2O+Na_2O相对富集,经历过显性地幔交代作用;相关的锆石巨晶最常见柱面{110}单形,结晶度高,变生程度低,具有高的ZrO_2/HfO_2比值,阴极发光多数具有震荡环带,红外及显微红外光谱在3500～3700 cm~(-1)之间含有明显的吸收带,显示结构水的存在。
2、研究的四个产地锆石巨晶存在共同的锆石-磁铁矿-CO_2矿物及流体-熔体包裹体组合。除此之外,巨晶还含有黑云母,斜锆石、磷灰石、镁铁矿、方解石、正长石、赤铁矿等矿物包裹体,以及富含稀土元素La、Ce的矿物包裹体(怀疑为独居石,绿帘石):含有富含SiO_2(＞60%)和碱性组分以及富Al、Zn、Zr和Ca的硅酸质熔体包裹体和大量不混熔的流体-熔体相包裹体,显示出锆石巨晶形成于富含SiO_2、Fe、Zr、碱性组分、水和CO_2的流体-熔体环境,巨晶的平均结晶温度范围为657-692℃之间(Ti地质温度计)。巨晶包裹体特征和中国东部地幔岩包体中发现的富硅、碱地幔交代流体具有相似性显示出两者存在明显的成因联系。
3、LA-ICPMS分析显示,锆石巨晶的稀土总量大部分数据集中在15～300ppm范围,巨晶具重稀土(HREE)明显富集,Ce正异常明显,没有或只有微弱的Eu负异常,不同产地锆石巨晶稀土配分模式呈现一致的从左向右倾斜的变形“N”字模式和一致的微量元素组成模式的特征;锆石巨晶从中心到边缘环带不同位置稀土元素和微量元素含量及比值有变化,但不显示一致的由高到低或者相反的变化规律,暗示中国东部玄武岩的锆石巨晶并非形成于简单的岩浆降温体系。但Th/U比值多数大于0.4,主体显http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php示出岩浆锆石的特点。锆石巨晶Ta明显富集,具有很低的Nb/Ta比值,显示出锆石巨晶可能结晶于强烈演化的、具有低Nb/Ta和Nb/U比值的岩浆源区(壳源物质加入)或者结晶过程中源区Nb、Ta发生过明显的分异,显示巨晶成因可以用再循环地壳残余含金红石榴辉岩和地幔流体或熔体的交代作用进行解释。
4、海南蓬莱锆石巨晶的U-Pb同位素平均加权年龄为4.37±0.24Ma,福建明溪锆石巨晶两组平均加权年龄分别为1.27±0.36Ma和3.75±0.63Ma;黑龙江穆棱锆石巨晶平均加权年龄为8.82±0.27Ma;山东的数据质量较差,有限锆石巨晶的三组年龄为5.00±0.66 Ma,15.98±0.58Ma,20.56±0.80Ma;上述数据显示中国东部锆石巨晶的U-Pb同位素年龄与其寄主玄武岩的喷发时代具有一致性。
5、MC-ICPMS分析获得锆石巨晶的~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf变化在0.282883±14～0.283151±7,相应的ε_(Hf)为3.9±0.5～13.4±0.3,落在亏损地幔范围内,其中海南锆石巨晶的~(176)HF/~(177)Hf比值最小,并有较大的变化范围,而黑龙江锆石巨晶的~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf比值为0.283105～0.283151,变化范围较窄,但其~(176)Lu/~(177)Hf的变化范围最大,ε_(Hf)为+11.8～+13.4,是4个产地锆石巨晶中的最高值。Hf同位素计算显示,我国东部岩石圈地幔的交代作用可能发生在中新生代。
综合上述工作,本文认为中国东部新生代新近纪及第四纪玄武岩有关的锆石巨晶是亏损的软流圈地幔(包括流体或熔体)与岩石圈再循环残余物质交代反应的产物;结合前人发现的中国东部中生代期间南北区域所发现存在加厚地壳的证据和现今的岩石圈厚度明显低于古生代,岩石圈主体组成具有“新生”性质的成果,东南沿海和华北及东北部新生代玄武岩刚玉/锆石巨晶的成矿反映了整个中国东部在中新生代均发生过岩石圈的减薄,刚玉/锆石巨晶是经过部分熔融后含金红石榴辉岩下地壳残余在岩石圈拆沉过程中与软流圈流体-熔体相互作用的产物。
学位年度:2009
永磁交流伺服系统及其先进控制策略研究
题名:永磁交流伺服系统及其先进控制策略研究
作者:严帅
学位授予单位:哈尔滨工业大学
关键词:永磁交流伺服系统;;电流控制;;死区补偿;;微粒群优化算法;;多采样率观测器
摘要:
随着电力电子技术、微型计算机技术、稀土永磁材料技术和现代控制理论的飞速发展,永磁交流伺服系统作为工业机器人、数控机床等先进自动化设备驱动装置的关键部件,其技术已经达到了很高的水平,其性能直接决定着设备的运行能力,其应用遍及现代化工业生产的诸多领域。我国目前所使用的永磁交流伺服系统绝大多Neodymium magnets数依赖进口,严重制约了我国在机器人、数控技术和自动化装备方面的发展。数字化永磁交流伺服系统是目前伺服系统发展的主流。本文在国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)以及台达电力电子科教发展基金的资助下,从控制策略和实际系统两个方面对永磁交流伺服系统进行了深入的研究,研究内容包括以下几个方面:
全数字化永磁交流伺服系统的研制。本文作者研制了基于DSP的全数字化的永磁交流伺服系统,根据商用伺服驱动器的基本要求设计了各种控制模式及I/O接口和网络通讯等功能,设计开发了操作面板的菜单界面及相应的上位机监控软件,为今后的产业化提供了基础,为永磁交流伺服系统的深入研究搭建了良好的实验平台。
改进的电流前馈解耦控制策略的研究。为了提高电机电感和电阻参数变化时的永磁交流伺服系统电流控制方法的鲁棒性和解耦能力,在转子同步坐标系下,创建了基于二自由度的电机电流控制的统一框架理论,研究了反馈增益的四种不同取值方法,并且利用闭环传递函数的奇异值曲线理论,对于这四种电流控制方法的鲁棒性和解耦能力进行较为深入的分析,理论分析和实验结果证明改进的电流前馈解耦控制策略具有较好的鲁棒性和较强的解耦能力。
基于在线自适应参数辨识的逆变器输出电压非线性畸变补偿方法。PWM电压源型逆变器的死区设置会使输出电压出现非线性畸变,进而引发电流畸变等死区效应。在转子同步坐标系下,通过电机参数的在线自适应辨识,借助于一个中间参数,对逆变器输出电压的非线性畸变进行了较好的补偿,实验结果证明了该方法一定程度上改善了dq轴电流波形。
基于微粒群算法的速度控制器参数优化设计。推导分析了微粒群算法的基本原理及其改进方法,并且讨论二维微粒群算法的收敛性,参数的选择方法和微粒群算法的性能评价函数。在此基础上,提出了基于微粒群优化算法的永磁交流伺服系统速度控制器参数优化设计方法,仿真和实验结果证明了使用该方法进行控制器的参数优化设计具有算法简单,实现容易,收敛速度快和寻优能力强等优点。
针对各种数字滤波算法以及传统的瞬时转速观测器无法保证在使用较低分辨率码盘时电机低转速情况下的系统稳定性这一难http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php题,提出了一种基于多采样率预报观测器和多采样率现时观测器进行电机低转速的检测方法,并研究了多采样率观测器的极点配置以及反馈增益的求取等问题。仿真和实验结果证明多采样率观测器能够保证系统在低分辨率码盘时电机低转速下的稳定性,提高了电机低转速的检测性能,拓宽了系统的调速范围。
学位年度:2009
作者:严帅
学位授予单位:哈尔滨工业大学
关键词:永磁交流伺服系统;;电流控制;;死区补偿;;微粒群优化算法;;多采样率观测器
摘要:
随着电力电子技术、微型计算机技术、稀土永磁材料技术和现代控制理论的飞速发展,永磁交流伺服系统作为工业机器人、数控机床等先进自动化设备驱动装置的关键部件,其技术已经达到了很高的水平,其性能直接决定着设备的运行能力,其应用遍及现代化工业生产的诸多领域。我国目前所使用的永磁交流伺服系统绝大多Neodymium magnets数依赖进口,严重制约了我国在机器人、数控技术和自动化装备方面的发展。数字化永磁交流伺服系统是目前伺服系统发展的主流。本文在国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)以及台达电力电子科教发展基金的资助下,从控制策略和实际系统两个方面对永磁交流伺服系统进行了深入的研究,研究内容包括以下几个方面:
全数字化永磁交流伺服系统的研制。本文作者研制了基于DSP的全数字化的永磁交流伺服系统,根据商用伺服驱动器的基本要求设计了各种控制模式及I/O接口和网络通讯等功能,设计开发了操作面板的菜单界面及相应的上位机监控软件,为今后的产业化提供了基础,为永磁交流伺服系统的深入研究搭建了良好的实验平台。
改进的电流前馈解耦控制策略的研究。为了提高电机电感和电阻参数变化时的永磁交流伺服系统电流控制方法的鲁棒性和解耦能力,在转子同步坐标系下,创建了基于二自由度的电机电流控制的统一框架理论,研究了反馈增益的四种不同取值方法,并且利用闭环传递函数的奇异值曲线理论,对于这四种电流控制方法的鲁棒性和解耦能力进行较为深入的分析,理论分析和实验结果证明改进的电流前馈解耦控制策略具有较好的鲁棒性和较强的解耦能力。
基于在线自适应参数辨识的逆变器输出电压非线性畸变补偿方法。PWM电压源型逆变器的死区设置会使输出电压出现非线性畸变,进而引发电流畸变等死区效应。在转子同步坐标系下,通过电机参数的在线自适应辨识,借助于一个中间参数,对逆变器输出电压的非线性畸变进行了较好的补偿,实验结果证明了该方法一定程度上改善了dq轴电流波形。
基于微粒群算法的速度控制器参数优化设计。推导分析了微粒群算法的基本原理及其改进方法,并且讨论二维微粒群算法的收敛性,参数的选择方法和微粒群算法的性能评价函数。在此基础上,提出了基于微粒群优化算法的永磁交流伺服系统速度控制器参数优化设计方法,仿真和实验结果证明了使用该方法进行控制器的参数优化设计具有算法简单,实现容易,收敛速度快和寻优能力强等优点。
针对各种数字滤波算法以及传统的瞬时转速观测器无法保证在使用较低分辨率码盘时电机低转速情况下的系统稳定性这一难http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php题,提出了一种基于多采样率预报观测器和多采样率现时观测器进行电机低转速的检测方法,并研究了多采样率观测器的极点配置以及反馈增益的求取等问题。仿真和实验结果证明多采样率观测器能够保证系统在低分辨率码盘时电机低转速下的稳定性,提高了电机低转速的检测性能,拓宽了系统的调速范围。
学位年度:2009
超支化聚酰胺酯金属盐（氧化物）反应型助剂及其在橡胶中的应用研究
题名:超支化聚酰胺酯金属盐（氧化物）反应型助剂及其在橡胶中的应用研究
作者:陈庆华
学位授予单位:福建师范大学
关键词:马来酸(丁二酸)金属盐;;超支化聚酰胺酯金属盐;;超支化聚酰胺酯金属氧化物;;动态流变行为;;橡胶;;硫化反应;;动力学
摘要:
迄今为止,超支化聚酰胺酯(hyperbranched polyesteramide,HBPEA)的研究主要集中于合成方法、性能与结构表征,应用研究尚处初始状态。本文为实现HBPEA低成本、高值化的应用,将HBPEA与无机金属盐(或金属氧化物)复合制备反Neodymium magnets应型功能助剂,并把所得助剂尝试应用于非共价交联橡胶的研究。
首先:选取环缩酸酐(主要是丁二酸酐、马来酸酐和邻苯二甲酸酐)、多元醇胺(二乙醇胺)、金属无机盐(氯化锌、氯化镧)及金属氧化物[氧化锌、混合稀土氧化物(RE_2O_3,RE=La,Ce,Pr,Nd,etc.)]等原料,经不同组合,采用固相熔融法、半固相法、低温固相研磨法合成马来酸金属盐(MA-Zn~(2+)和MA-La~(3+))、丁二酸金属盐(SA-Zn~(2+)和SA-La~(3+))及马来酸(丁二酸)金属固配物;采用AB_2单体一步熔融、溶液或微波缩聚法合成HBPEA;采用掺杂反应法制备超支化聚酰胺酯金属盐(HBPEA-Zn~(2+)和HBPEA-La~(3+));采用AB_2单体一步缩聚包覆法合成超支化聚酰胺酯金属氧化物(HBPEA/ZnO和HBPEA/RE_2O_3)。各合成方法均基于对传统方法的改进或简化。采取FT-IR、UV-Vis、XPS、XRD、SEM、TGA等分析技术对各产物结构和性能进行了较系统的表征,结果表明合成方法中预设的条件是合理的、各产物拥有反应型助剂的本性。合成的HBPEA-金属类复合物,拥有多支化结构和高极性官能度,表现出极好的塑性和极强的化学反应性,在做高分子配位助剂方面具有明显的优势。
其次:从低分子原料单体着手,研究强极性配体与金属的配位规律,揭示高分子HBPEA配体与金属的配位规律:依据流变学原理,表征HBPEA动态交联的流变行为,并考察二元酸羧酸金属盐、超支化聚酰胺酯金属氧化物应用于顺丁橡胶(BR)体系的动静态硫化过程的流变行为。结果表明:增加配体与金属盐(氧化物)的反应因素有利于提升合成助剂的反应活性,可通过将低分子配体高分子化或改变金属类型来实现;HBPEA具有强氢键交联、化学交联的固有特性;二元酸羧酸金属盐、超支化聚酰胺酯金属类复合助http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php剂对BR共价硫化过程的流变行为的影响,主要受金属离子种类、配体的结构及助剂自身的酸碱度等因素控制;与低分子二元酸羧酸根配体相比,HBPEA配体更有利于改善BR的硫化特性与力学性能。研究结果也暗示着超支化聚酰胺酯金属类复合助剂应用于橡胶的配位交联硫化比传统共价交联硫化更有潜能,相关工作有待进一步完善。
学位年度:2009
作者:陈庆华
学位授予单位:福建师范大学
关键词:马来酸(丁二酸)金属盐;;超支化聚酰胺酯金属盐;;超支化聚酰胺酯金属氧化物;;动态流变行为;;橡胶;;硫化反应;;动力学
摘要:
迄今为止,超支化聚酰胺酯(hyperbranched polyesteramide,HBPEA)的研究主要集中于合成方法、性能与结构表征,应用研究尚处初始状态。本文为实现HBPEA低成本、高值化的应用,将HBPEA与无机金属盐(或金属氧化物)复合制备反Neodymium magnets应型功能助剂,并把所得助剂尝试应用于非共价交联橡胶的研究。
首先:选取环缩酸酐(主要是丁二酸酐、马来酸酐和邻苯二甲酸酐)、多元醇胺(二乙醇胺)、金属无机盐(氯化锌、氯化镧)及金属氧化物[氧化锌、混合稀土氧化物(RE_2O_3,RE=La,Ce,Pr,Nd,etc.)]等原料,经不同组合,采用固相熔融法、半固相法、低温固相研磨法合成马来酸金属盐(MA-Zn~(2+)和MA-La~(3+))、丁二酸金属盐(SA-Zn~(2+)和SA-La~(3+))及马来酸(丁二酸)金属固配物;采用AB_2单体一步熔融、溶液或微波缩聚法合成HBPEA;采用掺杂反应法制备超支化聚酰胺酯金属盐(HBPEA-Zn~(2+)和HBPEA-La~(3+));采用AB_2单体一步缩聚包覆法合成超支化聚酰胺酯金属氧化物(HBPEA/ZnO和HBPEA/RE_2O_3)。各合成方法均基于对传统方法的改进或简化。采取FT-IR、UV-Vis、XPS、XRD、SEM、TGA等分析技术对各产物结构和性能进行了较系统的表征,结果表明合成方法中预设的条件是合理的、各产物拥有反应型助剂的本性。合成的HBPEA-金属类复合物,拥有多支化结构和高极性官能度,表现出极好的塑性和极强的化学反应性,在做高分子配位助剂方面具有明显的优势。
其次:从低分子原料单体着手,研究强极性配体与金属的配位规律,揭示高分子HBPEA配体与金属的配位规律:依据流变学原理,表征HBPEA动态交联的流变行为,并考察二元酸羧酸金属盐、超支化聚酰胺酯金属氧化物应用于顺丁橡胶(BR)体系的动静态硫化过程的流变行为。结果表明:增加配体与金属盐(氧化物)的反应因素有利于提升合成助剂的反应活性,可通过将低分子配体高分子化或改变金属类型来实现;HBPEA具有强氢键交联、化学交联的固有特性;二元酸羧酸金属盐、超支化聚酰胺酯金属类复合助http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php剂对BR共价硫化过程的流变行为的影响,主要受金属离子种类、配体的结构及助剂自身的酸碱度等因素控制;与低分子二元酸羧酸根配体相比,HBPEA配体更有利于改善BR的硫化特性与力学性能。研究结果也暗示着超支化聚酰胺酯金属类复合助剂应用于橡胶的配位交联硫化比传统共价交联硫化更有潜能,相关工作有待进一步完善。
学位年度:2009
2011年10月18日星期二
Coking wastewater activated sludge microorganisms to strengthen research capabilities
Title: Coking wastewater activated sludge microorganisms to strengthen research capabilitiesAuthor: Sheng ZhouDegree-granting units: South China University of TechnologyKey words: rare earth lanthanum chloride salt (LaCl_3 · 3H_2O);; uncultured microorganisms;; activator;; BIOLOG micro-plate technology;; PCR-DGGE;; function microorganismsSummary:
In order to quickly and accurately activated sludge from coking wastewater microbial screening of some functions and some can activate the function of activated sludge microbial activators; the same time to explore the function of coking wastewater neodymium magnets activated sludge biological treatment of wastewater microbial enhanced role. Research by the following two kinds of new ways that PCR-DGGE as an aid to screening methods, improved functional BIOLOG microbial micro-plate, and some were able to activate the function of activated sludge microbial activator for screening and research:
1 plate after separation by conventional phenol enrichment and screening of solid by beef extract peptone medium, Gao 1 solid medium, completely solid medium (TYG culture medium) TYG plate directly and through PCR-DGGE separation theory identification. Results of screening to two A1, C1 is the main function of in situ microbial; two B1, D1 is the main function of in situ microbial Africa; 5 A, B, C, D, F1 function for the in situ microbial Africa. The test results show that after the: in the activated sludge bacteria were dosing the target function A1, B1, C1, D1, E1 to strengthen the system within the COD of 600 mg / L, respectively, of the coking wastewater by 40 h, 48 h, 32 h, 40 h, 48 h of aeration, COD were reduced to 128 mg / L, 160 mg / L, 118 mg / L, 156 mg / L, 170 mg / L after stable. When dosing activated sludge were non-functional target bacteria F1, A, B, C, D intensive, the coking wastewater aeration, respectively, after 56 h, COD were reduced to 218 mg / L, 216 mg / L, 215 mg / L, 219 mg / L, 217 mg / L after the stable, the results of degradation experiments with the control group is consistent. The results showed that: the main function of activated sludge bacteria dosing of activated sludge biological treatment of the strengthening effect is most obvious; non-essential function of dosing bacteria from enhanced biological treatment of wastewater ineffective, as the main function of the activity of sewage bacteria mud enhanced significantly. Non-functional bacteria dosing of basic biological wastewater treatment http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php without any reinforcement. Thus, by PCR-DGGE for microbial adjunct filtering is a new and effective screening method that can map from the PCR-DGGE of directly on pre-judge the activated sludge from the original habitat of microorganisms are screened for the original activated sludge microbial habitats in the function, to avoid non-conventional methods of screening to the main function of micro-organisms or non-functional micro-organisms.
(2) study via a modified BIOLOG micro-plate technology from microbial growth and reproduction of the necessary growth factors (amino acids, bases), vitamins, a large number of elements, trace elements in the filter. Results of screening to six kinds of coking wastewater activated sludge activator. Subsequently by PCR-DGGE and molecular evolutionary tree after being activated activator function of microbial strains for analysis that γ-Ami, VB12, L-Pro, DL-Ala, respectively activator most likely activated sludge Rhodococcus erythropolis, Alcaligenes faecalis, Uncultured Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas sp. phenol degradation function of bacteria activation; and activator A, L-His were most likely activator of activated sludge Micrococcus Sp., Uncultured Bacillus sp. non-functional phenol degradation bacteria active role. The results show that: Biolog micro-plate screening method is simple, convenient, small footprint, low supplies, a variety of targets to be effective screening of high-throughput screening methods. Rare-earth salt is a special coking wastewater activated sludge activator. Study by PCR-DGGE, phylogenetic tree building, various doses of rare earth salts of lanthanum chloride (LaCl_3 · 3H_2O) of coking wastewater activated sludge grown in TYG medium molecular ecology studies and their biological diversity. The results show that low-dose concentration of 5 mg / L and 10 mg / L LaCl_3 · 3H_2O of coking wastewater activated sludge grown in TYG medium have a stimulating effect, more biodiversity than the control group; high dose levels 200 mg / L and 400 mg / L LaCl_3 · 3H_2O of coking wastewater activated sludge grown in TYG medium has a certain inhibitory effect, less biodiversity than the control group. Concentration of low-dose 5 mg / L and 10 mg / L LaCl_3 · 3H_2O more likely to stimulate microbial groups is not represented by cultured microorganisms Uncultured Pseudomonas sp. (AB076873), Uncultured Bacillus sp. (EF072899), Uncultured bacterium clone SR40 (DQ298294 ) and culturable microbial groups bacterium rj11.Degree Year: 2009
In order to quickly and accurately activated sludge from coking wastewater microbial screening of some functions and some can activate the function of activated sludge microbial activators; the same time to explore the function of coking wastewater neodymium magnets activated sludge biological treatment of wastewater microbial enhanced role. Research by the following two kinds of new ways that PCR-DGGE as an aid to screening methods, improved functional BIOLOG microbial micro-plate, and some were able to activate the function of activated sludge microbial activator for screening and research:
1 plate after separation by conventional phenol enrichment and screening of solid by beef extract peptone medium, Gao 1 solid medium, completely solid medium (TYG culture medium) TYG plate directly and through PCR-DGGE separation theory identification. Results of screening to two A1, C1 is the main function of in situ microbial; two B1, D1 is the main function of in situ microbial Africa; 5 A, B, C, D, F1 function for the in situ microbial Africa. The test results show that after the: in the activated sludge bacteria were dosing the target function A1, B1, C1, D1, E1 to strengthen the system within the COD of 600 mg / L, respectively, of the coking wastewater by 40 h, 48 h, 32 h, 40 h, 48 h of aeration, COD were reduced to 128 mg / L, 160 mg / L, 118 mg / L, 156 mg / L, 170 mg / L after stable. When dosing activated sludge were non-functional target bacteria F1, A, B, C, D intensive, the coking wastewater aeration, respectively, after 56 h, COD were reduced to 218 mg / L, 216 mg / L, 215 mg / L, 219 mg / L, 217 mg / L after the stable, the results of degradation experiments with the control group is consistent. The results showed that: the main function of activated sludge bacteria dosing of activated sludge biological treatment of the strengthening effect is most obvious; non-essential function of dosing bacteria from enhanced biological treatment of wastewater ineffective, as the main function of the activity of sewage bacteria mud enhanced significantly. Non-functional bacteria dosing of basic biological wastewater treatment http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php without any reinforcement. Thus, by PCR-DGGE for microbial adjunct filtering is a new and effective screening method that can map from the PCR-DGGE of directly on pre-judge the activated sludge from the original habitat of microorganisms are screened for the original activated sludge microbial habitats in the function, to avoid non-conventional methods of screening to the main function of micro-organisms or non-functional micro-organisms.
(2) study via a modified BIOLOG micro-plate technology from microbial growth and reproduction of the necessary growth factors (amino acids, bases), vitamins, a large number of elements, trace elements in the filter. Results of screening to six kinds of coking wastewater activated sludge activator. Subsequently by PCR-DGGE and molecular evolutionary tree after being activated activator function of microbial strains for analysis that γ-Ami, VB12, L-Pro, DL-Ala, respectively activator most likely activated sludge Rhodococcus erythropolis, Alcaligenes faecalis, Uncultured Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas sp. phenol degradation function of bacteria activation; and activator A, L-His were most likely activator of activated sludge Micrococcus Sp., Uncultured Bacillus sp. non-functional phenol degradation bacteria active role. The results show that: Biolog micro-plate screening method is simple, convenient, small footprint, low supplies, a variety of targets to be effective screening of high-throughput screening methods. Rare-earth salt is a special coking wastewater activated sludge activator. Study by PCR-DGGE, phylogenetic tree building, various doses of rare earth salts of lanthanum chloride (LaCl_3 · 3H_2O) of coking wastewater activated sludge grown in TYG medium molecular ecology studies and their biological diversity. The results show that low-dose concentration of 5 mg / L and 10 mg / L LaCl_3 · 3H_2O of coking wastewater activated sludge grown in TYG medium have a stimulating effect, more biodiversity than the control group; high dose levels 200 mg / L and 400 mg / L LaCl_3 · 3H_2O of coking wastewater activated sludge grown in TYG medium has a certain inhibitory effect, less biodiversity than the control group. Concentration of low-dose 5 mg / L and 10 mg / L LaCl_3 · 3H_2O more likely to stimulate microbial groups is not represented by cultured microorganisms Uncultured Pseudomonas sp. (AB076873), Uncultured Bacillus sp. (EF072899), Uncultured bacterium clone SR40 (DQ298294 ) and culturable microbial groups bacterium rj11.Degree Year: 2009
焦化废水活性污泥中功能微生物的强化研究
题名:焦化废水活性污泥中功能微生物的强化研究
作者:周盛
学位授予单位:华南理工大学
关键词:稀土盐三氯化镧(LaCl_3·3H_2O) ;;未培养微生物;;激活剂;;BIOLOG微平板技术;; PCR-DGGE;;功能微生物
摘要:
为了快速、准确地从焦化废水活性污泥中筛选一些功能微生物和一些能激活活性污泥中的功能微生物的激活剂;同时为了探索焦化废水活性污泥中功能微生物对废水生物处理的强化作用。研究通过以下两种种新neodymium magnets途径即PCR-DGGE作辅助筛选手段、改进后BIOLOG微平板分别对功能微生物和一些能激活活性污泥中的功能微生物的激活剂进行筛选和研究:
1.通过苯酚富集后平板分离常规筛选法和通过牛肉膏蛋白胨固体培养基、高氏1号固体培养基、完全固体培养基(TYG culture medium)TYG直接平板分离并通过PCR-DGGE从理论上鉴定。结果筛选到两株A1、C1为原生境中主要功能微生物;两株B1、D1为原生境中非主要功能微生物;5株A、B、C、D、F1为原生境中非功能微生物。后经检测结果表明:在活性污泥中分别投加目标功能菌A1、B1、C1、D1、E1进行强化时,系统内COD为600 mg/L的焦化废水分别经40 h、48 h、32 h、40 h、48 h的曝气,COD分别降至128 mg/L、160 mg/L、118 mg/L、156 mg/L、170 mg/L后稳定。当在活性污泥中分别投加目标非功能菌F1、A、B、C、D进行强化时,焦化废水分别经56 h曝气,COD分别降至218 mg/L、216 mg/L、215 mg/L、219 mg/L、217 mg/L后稳定,该结果与对照组降解实验结果基本一致。结果表明:活性污泥中主要功能菌的投加,对活性污泥生物处理的强化效果最为明显;非主要功能菌的http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php投加对废水生物处理起强化效果不佳,不如主要功能菌对活性污泥的强化效果明显。非功能菌的投加对废水生物处理基本无任何强化作用。因此,通过PCR-DGGE作筛选功能微生物辅助手段是一种新的有效的筛选方法,该方法可从PCR-DGGE的图谱上直接预先判断出从原活性污泥生境中筛选到的微生物是否为原活性污泥生境中的功能微生物,避免常规方法筛选到的非主要功能微生物甚至非功能微生物。
2.研究通过改进后的BIOLOG微平板技术从微生物生长繁殖所须的生长因子(氨基酸,碱基)、维生素、大量元素、微量元素中进行筛选。结果筛选到6种焦化废水活性污泥激活剂。后经PCR-DGGE和分子进化树对被激活剂激活后的微生物功能菌进行分析得知γ-Ami,VB12,L-Pro,DL-Ala激活剂极可能分别对活性污泥中Rhodococcus erythropolis,Alcaligenes faecalis,Uncultured Pseudomonas sp.,Pseudomonas sp.苯酚降解功能菌有激活作用;而激活剂A、L-His激活剂极可能分别对活性污泥中Micrococcus Sp.,Uncultured Bacillus sp.非苯酚降解功能菌有激活作用。结果表明:Biolog微平板筛选法简单、方便、占用空间小、耗材少,是多种待筛选的目标物有效的高通量筛选方法。稀土盐是焦化废水活性污泥一特殊激活剂。研究通过PCR-DGGE,构建系统发育树,对不同剂量的稀土盐氯化镧(LaCl_3·3H_2O)对焦化废水活性污泥在TYG培养基中生长进行分子生态学研究以及其生物多样性分析。结果表明低剂量浓度5 mg/L和10 mg/L LaCl_3·3H_2O对焦化废水活性污泥在TYG培养基中生长有一定刺激作用,生物多样性比对照组多;高剂量浓度200 mg/L和400 mg/L LaCl_3·3H_2O对焦化废水活性污泥在TYG培养基中生长有一定抑制作用,生物多样性比对照组少。低剂量浓度5 mg/L和10 mg/L LaCl_3·3H_2O极可能刺激较有代表的微生物类群为未培养微生物Uncultured Pseudomonas sp.(AB076873)、Uncultured Bacillus sp.(EF072899)、Uncultured bacterium clone SR40(DQ298294)及可培养微生物类群bacterium rj11。
学位年度:2009
作者:周盛
学位授予单位:华南理工大学
关键词:稀土盐三氯化镧(LaCl_3·3H_2O) ;;未培养微生物;;激活剂;;BIOLOG微平板技术;; PCR-DGGE;;功能微生物
摘要:
为了快速、准确地从焦化废水活性污泥中筛选一些功能微生物和一些能激活活性污泥中的功能微生物的激活剂;同时为了探索焦化废水活性污泥中功能微生物对废水生物处理的强化作用。研究通过以下两种种新neodymium magnets途径即PCR-DGGE作辅助筛选手段、改进后BIOLOG微平板分别对功能微生物和一些能激活活性污泥中的功能微生物的激活剂进行筛选和研究:
1.通过苯酚富集后平板分离常规筛选法和通过牛肉膏蛋白胨固体培养基、高氏1号固体培养基、完全固体培养基(TYG culture medium)TYG直接平板分离并通过PCR-DGGE从理论上鉴定。结果筛选到两株A1、C1为原生境中主要功能微生物;两株B1、D1为原生境中非主要功能微生物;5株A、B、C、D、F1为原生境中非功能微生物。后经检测结果表明:在活性污泥中分别投加目标功能菌A1、B1、C1、D1、E1进行强化时,系统内COD为600 mg/L的焦化废水分别经40 h、48 h、32 h、40 h、48 h的曝气,COD分别降至128 mg/L、160 mg/L、118 mg/L、156 mg/L、170 mg/L后稳定。当在活性污泥中分别投加目标非功能菌F1、A、B、C、D进行强化时,焦化废水分别经56 h曝气,COD分别降至218 mg/L、216 mg/L、215 mg/L、219 mg/L、217 mg/L后稳定,该结果与对照组降解实验结果基本一致。结果表明:活性污泥中主要功能菌的投加,对活性污泥生物处理的强化效果最为明显;非主要功能菌的http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php投加对废水生物处理起强化效果不佳,不如主要功能菌对活性污泥的强化效果明显。非功能菌的投加对废水生物处理基本无任何强化作用。因此,通过PCR-DGGE作筛选功能微生物辅助手段是一种新的有效的筛选方法,该方法可从PCR-DGGE的图谱上直接预先判断出从原活性污泥生境中筛选到的微生物是否为原活性污泥生境中的功能微生物,避免常规方法筛选到的非主要功能微生物甚至非功能微生物。
2.研究通过改进后的BIOLOG微平板技术从微生物生长繁殖所须的生长因子(氨基酸,碱基)、维生素、大量元素、微量元素中进行筛选。结果筛选到6种焦化废水活性污泥激活剂。后经PCR-DGGE和分子进化树对被激活剂激活后的微生物功能菌进行分析得知γ-Ami,VB12,L-Pro,DL-Ala激活剂极可能分别对活性污泥中Rhodococcus erythropolis,Alcaligenes faecalis,Uncultured Pseudomonas sp.,Pseudomonas sp.苯酚降解功能菌有激活作用;而激活剂A、L-His激活剂极可能分别对活性污泥中Micrococcus Sp.,Uncultured Bacillus sp.非苯酚降解功能菌有激活作用。结果表明:Biolog微平板筛选法简单、方便、占用空间小、耗材少,是多种待筛选的目标物有效的高通量筛选方法。稀土盐是焦化废水活性污泥一特殊激活剂。研究通过PCR-DGGE,构建系统发育树,对不同剂量的稀土盐氯化镧(LaCl_3·3H_2O)对焦化废水活性污泥在TYG培养基中生长进行分子生态学研究以及其生物多样性分析。结果表明低剂量浓度5 mg/L和10 mg/L LaCl_3·3H_2O对焦化废水活性污泥在TYG培养基中生长有一定刺激作用,生物多样性比对照组多;高剂量浓度200 mg/L和400 mg/L LaCl_3·3H_2O对焦化废水活性污泥在TYG培养基中生长有一定抑制作用,生物多样性比对照组少。低剂量浓度5 mg/L和10 mg/L LaCl_3·3H_2O极可能刺激较有代表的微生物类群为未培养微生物Uncultured Pseudomonas sp.(AB076873)、Uncultured Bacillus sp.(EF072899)、Uncultured bacterium clone SR40(DQ298294)及可培养微生物类群bacterium rj11。
学位年度:2009
western Zhejiang region Cambrian black shales in the Selenium and Heavy metal geochemistry and environmental effects
Title: western Zhejiang region Cambrian black shales in the Selenium and Heavy metal geochemistry and environmental effectsAuthor: Song MingyiDegree-granting unit: Hefei University ofKeywords: Lower Cambrian;; black shales;; selenium;; heavy metals;; table geochemistry;; enriched soil;; ZhejiangSummary:
With the black shales in the stone coal and other mineral resources are extensive exploitation, which the occurrence of heavy metals and scattered neodymium magnets elements in supergene conditions to release them, causing serious ecological damage to the environment and potential threats, the government and has caused many researchers wide attention. Widely distributed in western Zhejiang region of Lower Cambrian black shales, rich stone coal, pyrite, phosphate rock mining and other mineral resources are used, for several hundred years of history. Therefore, the study of mineralized black shales in the mining process and the role of elements in the supergene migration of the release, into the soil caused a profound impact on the environment, for land use and improve the scientific health of local residents, is of great significance.
In this paper, a large number and detailed field work and laboratory analysis of research on West Stone Mountain coal mine waste coal pile, mine waste water, soil, crops and other environmental geochemistry and the East with Longyou, Zhuji region and the West with Angelina, and other civilized region representation of mountain stone mine to study the characteristics of the profile, revealing the Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, As, Cu, Zn and other heavy metals and selenium in the beneficial elements of the release of mine waste coal pile, migration and transformation rules, heavy metals in levels of occurrence of each soil profile morphology and biological activity of the heavy metals and selenium in waste http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php coal pile, surface water, sediment and soil characteristics of the spatial distribution, system analysis and evaluation of the Stone Mountain Coal mining areas to the west of Zhejiang with to the environmental impact of coal and stone migration of selenium and selenium-rich soil formation mechanism of in-depth discussion, the establishment of heavy metals and selenium in different media release, migration and transformation mode.
The weathering profile, compared with fresh elements of stone coal, West with SiO_2, Al_2O_3, K_2O, Na_2O, TFe_2O_3 little change, MnO significantly reduced in the surface; East SiO_2 with weathering profiles show enrichment in the surface occur, K_2O in the middle enriched layer occurs, CaO, MgO enrichment in the middle layer and the surface loss is very obvious. On a different profile, Mn, Co, Mo enrichment highest, some elements REE, Cr, Cu, Th, Pb, Ba and Ti also have some enrichment. Among the most typical of Mo, the concentration in each section are very high. Research shows that constant elements in the rock - the interface between the soil changed significantly, indicating that the role of weathering and leaching of major elements of the decrease occurred mainly in the rock - soil near the interface.
Western Zhejiang region black shales trace and REE geochemical characteristics significantly, mainly in: ① Sr/Ba0.00427-0.041, Co / Ni in the 0.054-0.371, were <1, P_2O_5 with Y, La-Ce, U- Th and Co/Zn- (CO + Ni + Cu) and other diagrams show the normal sea water and hot water mixed sedimentary features; ② weathering profiles in different parts of the bottom-up, from weak to strong or weak weathered regolith layer until the surface soil , ΣREE gradually increased, upward migration significantly, showing a strong surface enrichment capability. ③ REE patterns can be seen from the above three carbonaceous chert section LREE / HREE> 1, the North American shale REE distribution patterns in the performance of standard left-leaning, moderate enrichment of light rare earth elements show; and spherules Standardized distribution patterns in meteorites is apparent right-wing, light REE relative to heavy rare earth enrichment of performance, reflecting the typical hydrothermal sedimentary REE patterns. Different sections of rare earth in the chondrite-normalized data and the distribution of North American shale-normalized patterns, have shown good agreement, indicating that the same depositional environment and close genetic relationship.
Leaching study found that most of the initial stages of leaching of heavy metals are fast, after gradually slowed down over time. Which under acidic conditions Cd, As, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni filter out the highest rate quickly, soon after the reduction, especially Cd, Zn, Ni high speed start-up phase, the speed will come down soon , 7-day leaching out of the amount of the corresponding elements of column leaching accounted for 10.40% of the total, 9.66%, 9.19%; and Hg, Pb filter out slow, then gradually increased, but the total is not high, such as Hg in 7 days of leaching out of the total volume of only 0.11%. Se under alkaline conditions to filter out the seven-day 0.69% of total accounts, and continued to increase over time, with great potential value in use.
Through the work zone facies Palaeogeography, two things that cause soil pH and soil enriched with the geochemical composition of the main reasons is due to large differences in the east and west with the geological background, different depositional environments and sedimentary facies. The West Hawthorn period with a ditch with depositional environments are sets, stone coal seam thickness, the proportion of low carbonate layer, quartz / clay ratio of 0.65, P_2O_5, CaO content is low, high pyrite content of 9.3%; and East period with Hawthorn platform facies sedimentary environments are stone coal seam thickness is small, more carbonate layer laminated, quartz / clay ratio of 0.30, P_2O_5, CaO content, pyrite content of 4%.
Weathering surfacing comparative study found that heavy metal migration in the section on forms, and topography, weathering, sedimentation, etc. are closely linked. In the source rock area, rock weathering profiles developed mainly coal, Fuyang, Changshan, and Zhuji Longyou mountain of coal and other places stone profile, heavy metals to move out of the main elements appear in most topsoil depletion, in which Cd, Zn, dilution rate of Ni is most evident, indicating that these elements are chemically active in the migration of supergene conditions highly, most with water, wind and other media in the migration of gravity. Mainly developed in the sedimentary soil profiles, such as the West with Angie, civilized, and other East Valley plains with the Longyou black shale weathering landfill, heavy metals to accumulate mainly in the form, compared with the C-layer profile, Cd, surface enrichment of Cu was highest in the former enrichment factor 2.07 ~ 9.91, 0.65 ~ 4.74 which; followed by As, Hg, Ni, Pb, Cr, apparent surface enrichment occurs.
Profile analysis and elemental speciation analysis found that East and West with the heavy metal content of the active component of the large differences, in particular in: (1) West with a high content of active components, including Cd, water soluble, ion exchangeable accounting for 46.13%, Ni ion exchange water soluble and 4.48% of the total state. Heavy metal content so serious, Cd, Ni on the ecological environment should have a greater harm. (2) The active component of the low East with heavy metals, Cd-state ion exchange (with water soluble) of the total 17.9%, Ni ion exchange state (including water soluble) accounted for only 1.79%, the absolute content of effective state is not high, the minimal harm to the environment.
Through the soil geochemical survey and the use of high-precision testing means, for the first time in western Zhejiang region of Se-rich soil found in a large-scale, distributed in Longyou, Anji, Zhuji and other regions. Deep soil of the region, moderate texture, soil fertility, the total area of 506.8km ~ 2. According to modern theory analysis of deposition, to confirm western Zhejiang region comes mainly from the Se-Se district Lower Cambrian black rock series Hawthorn Group. Middle East with enriched soil formation characteristics: Quaternary sedimentary source rock weathering zone distance, sedimentary basin is a long strip, sterile soil type for the retention-type rice soil is slightly alkaline - alkaline soil thickness, soil texture is heavy soil, Cd, Hg content in the soil for the state environmental quality standards for two to three, Ca, Mg, Se is characterized by higher levels. High selenium area of agricultural products, heavy metals content is low. West with the formation of Se-rich soil characteristics: Quaternary sedimentary source rock weathering zone with the short distance, the terrain steep, the deposition area is an open valley, the soil type infiltration-type rice soil fertility, soil is thin, was Acid - acidic, relatively coarse particles, geochemistry to the rich Cd, Ni, Se, Zn, As, S, Fe, low Ca, Mg is characterized.
Contrast through the system, first discovered, western Zhejiang enriched soil S, Org.C, CaO, MgO, Cd, Zn, Ni, Hg, As, Se, compared with the source Stone coal has a higher inheritance. One, S, Org.C, CaO, MgO, and on soil physical and chemical properties such as pH have a profound impact. Angelina enriched soil S, Org.C content is still higher than Longyou, and Longyou CaO content in soil is still higher than Angelina, showing Longyou soil is alkaline, acidic soil Anji difference, indicating that the soil in two oxides and trace elements and their source rocks in the geological background of still more closely linked.
Correlation analysis, in the western Zhejiang Se district in different parent materials and different types of soil, the effective selenium is closely related with soil pH; in the same parent material and the same type of soil, the effective total selenium and selenium in the soil significantly correlated. According to the principle factor analysis, orthogonal rotation obtained using the maximum area of soil in the final factor loadings of indicators, F_1, F_3 respectively, reflecting the deposition area of Se and Se-rich soil Cd, Cu, Zn, and symbiosis with MgO native assemblages.
The study found that selenium-rich soil Longyou alkaline, P, Ca, Zn, Mn-rich, as phosphate, alkaline environment to promote the role of activation of Se, Ca, Zn, Mn antagonism of Cd and alkaline environment, the curing effect of Cd, the root crops to increase the absorption of Se, the absorption of Cd and other heavy metals greatly reduced, making the area of agricultural products into high-low cadmium selenium enriched natural produce. The selenium-rich areas as Angelina S, Org.C high geological background, acidic soils, Se is much lower soil clay adsorption activity, coupled with Ca, Mn content is low for Cd, Ni antagonism is not obvious, therefore, leading agricultural products in Cd, Ni and Se content exceeded the phenomenon is relatively high.
Through biogeochemical study found that the two sides of the active component with the content of the soil elements, selenium and heavy metals in agricultural and ecological effects of the correspondence between the three has a good relationship. Among them, the Western District of rice enriched with selenium in selenium threshold is only reached with the Ministry of Agriculture standards of food hygiene limited value compared to agricultural Cd, Ni content than the standard (Cd 0.26 ~ 0.63mg/kg, Ni 0.5 ~ 1.0 mg / kg), but also of zinc, selenium levels. Field survey found that local residents in good health, not a "Itai-itai disease" and other endemic diseases. Inference is the body's internal Se, Zn for Cd, Ni antagonistic shielding effect, affecting the body's Cd, Ni absorption. In contrast, the East with rice, lotus seeds and other agricultural products of high levels of Se, Cd, Ni low, showing the characteristics of high-selenium heavy metals.
First discovered in the East with enriched rice and high-quality natural Longyou Se seeds. These produce high levels of selenium, heavy metals in the Ministry of Agriculture, Food Hygiene limited range, reflecting the selenium-rich agricultural health and safety of unity. Se-rich soil research, After years of development and utilization of selenium-rich agricultural scale, has made great economic benefits. Long-term consumption of these agricultural products to local residents, expressed as energy, health and longevity, is the normal hair hair selenium content of selenium 0.28mg/kg 1.79 ~ 3.75 times.
The above study of black shale weathering profiles, leaching studies, the soil profile studies and morphological analysis of such elements, that western Zhejiang group of the Lower Cambrian black rock series Hawthorn area Cd, Zn, Ni in acidic conditions with a strong migration, but in an alkaline environment is relatively fixed; and Se in alkaline conditions, the migration ability, in the acidic environment is more stable. According to this feature, select the region to develop enriched relative to alkaline soil, barren mountain for the production of enriched natural quality of agricultural products to provide a scientific basis.Degree Year: 2009
With the black shales in the stone coal and other mineral resources are extensive exploitation, which the occurrence of heavy metals and scattered neodymium magnets elements in supergene conditions to release them, causing serious ecological damage to the environment and potential threats, the government and has caused many researchers wide attention. Widely distributed in western Zhejiang region of Lower Cambrian black shales, rich stone coal, pyrite, phosphate rock mining and other mineral resources are used, for several hundred years of history. Therefore, the study of mineralized black shales in the mining process and the role of elements in the supergene migration of the release, into the soil caused a profound impact on the environment, for land use and improve the scientific health of local residents, is of great significance.
In this paper, a large number and detailed field work and laboratory analysis of research on West Stone Mountain coal mine waste coal pile, mine waste water, soil, crops and other environmental geochemistry and the East with Longyou, Zhuji region and the West with Angelina, and other civilized region representation of mountain stone mine to study the characteristics of the profile, revealing the Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, As, Cu, Zn and other heavy metals and selenium in the beneficial elements of the release of mine waste coal pile, migration and transformation rules, heavy metals in levels of occurrence of each soil profile morphology and biological activity of the heavy metals and selenium in waste http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php coal pile, surface water, sediment and soil characteristics of the spatial distribution, system analysis and evaluation of the Stone Mountain Coal mining areas to the west of Zhejiang with to the environmental impact of coal and stone migration of selenium and selenium-rich soil formation mechanism of in-depth discussion, the establishment of heavy metals and selenium in different media release, migration and transformation mode.
The weathering profile, compared with fresh elements of stone coal, West with SiO_2, Al_2O_3, K_2O, Na_2O, TFe_2O_3 little change, MnO significantly reduced in the surface; East SiO_2 with weathering profiles show enrichment in the surface occur, K_2O in the middle enriched layer occurs, CaO, MgO enrichment in the middle layer and the surface loss is very obvious. On a different profile, Mn, Co, Mo enrichment highest, some elements REE, Cr, Cu, Th, Pb, Ba and Ti also have some enrichment. Among the most typical of Mo, the concentration in each section are very high. Research shows that constant elements in the rock - the interface between the soil changed significantly, indicating that the role of weathering and leaching of major elements of the decrease occurred mainly in the rock - soil near the interface.
Western Zhejiang region black shales trace and REE geochemical characteristics significantly, mainly in: ① Sr/Ba0.00427-0.041, Co / Ni in the 0.054-0.371, were <1, P_2O_5 with Y, La-Ce, U- Th and Co/Zn- (CO + Ni + Cu) and other diagrams show the normal sea water and hot water mixed sedimentary features; ② weathering profiles in different parts of the bottom-up, from weak to strong or weak weathered regolith layer until the surface soil , ΣREE gradually increased, upward migration significantly, showing a strong surface enrichment capability. ③ REE patterns can be seen from the above three carbonaceous chert section LREE / HREE> 1, the North American shale REE distribution patterns in the performance of standard left-leaning, moderate enrichment of light rare earth elements show; and spherules Standardized distribution patterns in meteorites is apparent right-wing, light REE relative to heavy rare earth enrichment of performance, reflecting the typical hydrothermal sedimentary REE patterns. Different sections of rare earth in the chondrite-normalized data and the distribution of North American shale-normalized patterns, have shown good agreement, indicating that the same depositional environment and close genetic relationship.
Leaching study found that most of the initial stages of leaching of heavy metals are fast, after gradually slowed down over time. Which under acidic conditions Cd, As, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni filter out the highest rate quickly, soon after the reduction, especially Cd, Zn, Ni high speed start-up phase, the speed will come down soon , 7-day leaching out of the amount of the corresponding elements of column leaching accounted for 10.40% of the total, 9.66%, 9.19%; and Hg, Pb filter out slow, then gradually increased, but the total is not high, such as Hg in 7 days of leaching out of the total volume of only 0.11%. Se under alkaline conditions to filter out the seven-day 0.69% of total accounts, and continued to increase over time, with great potential value in use.
Through the work zone facies Palaeogeography, two things that cause soil pH and soil enriched with the geochemical composition of the main reasons is due to large differences in the east and west with the geological background, different depositional environments and sedimentary facies. The West Hawthorn period with a ditch with depositional environments are sets, stone coal seam thickness, the proportion of low carbonate layer, quartz / clay ratio of 0.65, P_2O_5, CaO content is low, high pyrite content of 9.3%; and East period with Hawthorn platform facies sedimentary environments are stone coal seam thickness is small, more carbonate layer laminated, quartz / clay ratio of 0.30, P_2O_5, CaO content, pyrite content of 4%.
Weathering surfacing comparative study found that heavy metal migration in the section on forms, and topography, weathering, sedimentation, etc. are closely linked. In the source rock area, rock weathering profiles developed mainly coal, Fuyang, Changshan, and Zhuji Longyou mountain of coal and other places stone profile, heavy metals to move out of the main elements appear in most topsoil depletion, in which Cd, Zn, dilution rate of Ni is most evident, indicating that these elements are chemically active in the migration of supergene conditions highly, most with water, wind and other media in the migration of gravity. Mainly developed in the sedimentary soil profiles, such as the West with Angie, civilized, and other East Valley plains with the Longyou black shale weathering landfill, heavy metals to accumulate mainly in the form, compared with the C-layer profile, Cd, surface enrichment of Cu was highest in the former enrichment factor 2.07 ~ 9.91, 0.65 ~ 4.74 which; followed by As, Hg, Ni, Pb, Cr, apparent surface enrichment occurs.
Profile analysis and elemental speciation analysis found that East and West with the heavy metal content of the active component of the large differences, in particular in: (1) West with a high content of active components, including Cd, water soluble, ion exchangeable accounting for 46.13%, Ni ion exchange water soluble and 4.48% of the total state. Heavy metal content so serious, Cd, Ni on the ecological environment should have a greater harm. (2) The active component of the low East with heavy metals, Cd-state ion exchange (with water soluble) of the total 17.9%, Ni ion exchange state (including water soluble) accounted for only 1.79%, the absolute content of effective state is not high, the minimal harm to the environment.
Through the soil geochemical survey and the use of high-precision testing means, for the first time in western Zhejiang region of Se-rich soil found in a large-scale, distributed in Longyou, Anji, Zhuji and other regions. Deep soil of the region, moderate texture, soil fertility, the total area of 506.8km ~ 2. According to modern theory analysis of deposition, to confirm western Zhejiang region comes mainly from the Se-Se district Lower Cambrian black rock series Hawthorn Group. Middle East with enriched soil formation characteristics: Quaternary sedimentary source rock weathering zone distance, sedimentary basin is a long strip, sterile soil type for the retention-type rice soil is slightly alkaline - alkaline soil thickness, soil texture is heavy soil, Cd, Hg content in the soil for the state environmental quality standards for two to three, Ca, Mg, Se is characterized by higher levels. High selenium area of agricultural products, heavy metals content is low. West with the formation of Se-rich soil characteristics: Quaternary sedimentary source rock weathering zone with the short distance, the terrain steep, the deposition area is an open valley, the soil type infiltration-type rice soil fertility, soil is thin, was Acid - acidic, relatively coarse particles, geochemistry to the rich Cd, Ni, Se, Zn, As, S, Fe, low Ca, Mg is characterized.
Contrast through the system, first discovered, western Zhejiang enriched soil S, Org.C, CaO, MgO, Cd, Zn, Ni, Hg, As, Se, compared with the source Stone coal has a higher inheritance. One, S, Org.C, CaO, MgO, and on soil physical and chemical properties such as pH have a profound impact. Angelina enriched soil S, Org.C content is still higher than Longyou, and Longyou CaO content in soil is still higher than Angelina, showing Longyou soil is alkaline, acidic soil Anji difference, indicating that the soil in two oxides and trace elements and their source rocks in the geological background of still more closely linked.
Correlation analysis, in the western Zhejiang Se district in different parent materials and different types of soil, the effective selenium is closely related with soil pH; in the same parent material and the same type of soil, the effective total selenium and selenium in the soil significantly correlated. According to the principle factor analysis, orthogonal rotation obtained using the maximum area of soil in the final factor loadings of indicators, F_1, F_3 respectively, reflecting the deposition area of Se and Se-rich soil Cd, Cu, Zn, and symbiosis with MgO native assemblages.
The study found that selenium-rich soil Longyou alkaline, P, Ca, Zn, Mn-rich, as phosphate, alkaline environment to promote the role of activation of Se, Ca, Zn, Mn antagonism of Cd and alkaline environment, the curing effect of Cd, the root crops to increase the absorption of Se, the absorption of Cd and other heavy metals greatly reduced, making the area of agricultural products into high-low cadmium selenium enriched natural produce. The selenium-rich areas as Angelina S, Org.C high geological background, acidic soils, Se is much lower soil clay adsorption activity, coupled with Ca, Mn content is low for Cd, Ni antagonism is not obvious, therefore, leading agricultural products in Cd, Ni and Se content exceeded the phenomenon is relatively high.
Through biogeochemical study found that the two sides of the active component with the content of the soil elements, selenium and heavy metals in agricultural and ecological effects of the correspondence between the three has a good relationship. Among them, the Western District of rice enriched with selenium in selenium threshold is only reached with the Ministry of Agriculture standards of food hygiene limited value compared to agricultural Cd, Ni content than the standard (Cd 0.26 ~ 0.63mg/kg, Ni 0.5 ~ 1.0 mg / kg), but also of zinc, selenium levels. Field survey found that local residents in good health, not a "Itai-itai disease" and other endemic diseases. Inference is the body's internal Se, Zn for Cd, Ni antagonistic shielding effect, affecting the body's Cd, Ni absorption. In contrast, the East with rice, lotus seeds and other agricultural products of high levels of Se, Cd, Ni low, showing the characteristics of high-selenium heavy metals.
First discovered in the East with enriched rice and high-quality natural Longyou Se seeds. These produce high levels of selenium, heavy metals in the Ministry of Agriculture, Food Hygiene limited range, reflecting the selenium-rich agricultural health and safety of unity. Se-rich soil research, After years of development and utilization of selenium-rich agricultural scale, has made great economic benefits. Long-term consumption of these agricultural products to local residents, expressed as energy, health and longevity, is the normal hair hair selenium content of selenium 0.28mg/kg 1.79 ~ 3.75 times.
The above study of black shale weathering profiles, leaching studies, the soil profile studies and morphological analysis of such elements, that western Zhejiang group of the Lower Cambrian black rock series Hawthorn area Cd, Zn, Ni in acidic conditions with a strong migration, but in an alkaline environment is relatively fixed; and Se in alkaline conditions, the migration ability, in the acidic environment is more stable. According to this feature, select the region to develop enriched relative to alkaline soil, barren mountain for the production of enriched natural quality of agricultural products to provide a scientific basis.Degree Year: 2009
浙西地区下寒武统黑色岩系中硒与重金属的表生地球化学及环境效应
题名:浙西地区下寒武统黑色岩系中硒与重金属的表生地球化学及环境效应
作者:宋明义
学位授予单位:合肥工业大学
关键词:下寒武统;;黑色岩系;;硒;;重金属;;表生地球化学;;富硒土壤;;浙江
摘要:
随着黑色岩系中石煤等矿产资源被广泛地开发利用,赋存其中的重金属和稀散元素在表生条件下释放出来,对生态环境造成严重的破坏和潜在威胁,已引起政府和众多研究者的广泛关注。浙西地区广泛分布着下寒武统黑色岩系,丰富的石煤、黄铁矿、磷块岩等矿产资源被开采利用,已有数百年的历史。因此,研究矿化黑色岩系在neodymium magnets开采和表生作用过程中元素的释放迁移、转化对土壤环境造成的深刻影响,为土地科学利用和提高当地居民的健康水平,具有重要的意义。
本文通过大量和细致的野外工作和室内分析研究,对西石煤矿山废煤堆、矿坑废水、土壤、农作物等的环境地球化学以及对东带龙游、诸暨地区和西带安吉、开化地区等代表性石煤矿山风化剖面的特征进行研究,揭示了Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、As、Cu、Zn等重金属以及有益元素硒在矿山废煤堆的释放、迁移和转化规律,重金属在土壤剖面各层次的赋存形态和生物活性,研究了重金属和硒元素在废煤堆、地表水、沉积物和土壤中的空间分布特征,系统分析和评价了石煤矿山开采给浙西地区带来的环境影响,并对石煤中硒的迁移规律以及富硒土壤的形成机制进行了深入的探讨,建立了重金属和硒在不同介质中的释放、迁移和转化模式。
在风化剖面上,与新鲜石煤成分相比,西带SiO_2、Al_2O_3、K_2O、Na_2O、TFe_2O_3变化不大,MnO在表层明显减少;东带风化剖面显示出SiO_2在表层发生富集,K_2O在中间层发生富集,CaO、MgO在中间层富集和在表层亏损十分明显。在不同的剖面上,Mn、Co、Mo的富集达到最高,部分元素REE、Cr、Cu、Th、Pb、Ba以及Ti也有一定的富集。其中以Mo最为典型,在各个剖面上的富集都是很高的。研究表明,常http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php量元素在岩—土界面之间变化明显,表明风化淋溶作用常量元素的减少主要发生在岩—土界面附近。
浙西地区黑色岩系微量、稀土元素的地球化学特征明显,主要表现在:①Sr/Ba0.00427-0.041,Co/Ni在0.054-0.371,均＜1,P_2O_5与Y、La-Ce、U-Th以及Co/Zn-(CO+Ni+Cu)等关系图均显示正常海水和热水混合的沉积特征;②不同地区风化剖面自下而上,从弱风化层到强弱风化层直至表土层,∑REE逐渐升高,向上迁移明显,表现出较强的表层富集能力。③从稀土模式上可以看出,上述三个碳质硅质岩剖面LREE/HREE＞1,稀土元素北美页岩的标准化配分模式表现为左倾,轻稀土元素表现为中度富集;而球粒陨石标准化配分模式则出现明显右倾,轻稀土相对于重稀土表现为富集,反映了典型的热水沉积稀土元素配分模式。不同剖面的稀土数据在球粒陨石标准化和北美页岩标准化的分布型式,均表现出较好的一致性,说明具有相同的沉积环境和密切的成因联系。
淋溶实验研究发现,大多数重金属淋溶初始阶段都是快速的,以后随着时间的推移逐渐减慢。其中在酸性条件下Cd、As、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni滤出率很快达到最高,以后很快减少,尤其是Cd、Zn、Ni起始阶段速度较高,很快地速度便降下来,7天的淋出量分别占淋溶柱对应元素总量的10.40%,9.66%,9.19%;而Hg、Pb滤出速度缓慢,以后逐渐增多,但总量并不高,如Hg的7天淋出量仅占总量的0.11%。Se在碱性条件下7天的滤出量占总量的0.69%,而且随着时间的推移持续升高,具有较大的潜在利用价值。
通过对工作区岩相古地理研究,认为造成东西两带富硒土壤pH和土壤地球化学成分差异较大的主要原因是由于东西两带地质背景、沉积环境和沉积相不同。其中西带荷塘期沉积环境属于台沟相,石煤层厚度大,碳酸盐层所占比例较少,石英/粘土比值为0.65,P_2O_5、CaO含量较低,黄铁矿含量高达9.3%;而东带荷塘期沉积环境属于台地相,石煤层厚度小,碳酸盐层夹层较多,石英/粘土比值为0.30,P_2O_5、CaO含量高,黄铁矿含量为4%。
风化削面对比研究发现,重金属在剖面上迁移的表现形式,与地形地貌、风化沉积作用等有着密切的联系。在源岩地区,石煤层主要发育风化剖面,富阳、常山、龙游以及诸暨等地石煤矿山风化剖面,重金属元素以迁出为主,表土层多数元素出现贫化,其中以Cd、Zn、Ni的贫化率最为明显,表明这些元素化学性质活泼,在表生条件下迁移性极强,大部分随水、风等介质在重力作用下发生迁移。而在沉积区主要发育土壤剖面,如西带的安吉、开化,东带的龙游等河谷平原黑色岩系风化物堆积区,重金属元素以累积形式为主,与剖面C层相比,Cd、Cu表层富集程度为最高,前者富集系数2.07～9.91,后者0.65～4.74;其次为As、Hg、Ni、Pb、Cr,表层出现富集明显。
剖面分析和元素形态分析发现,东、西两带土壤重金属活性组分的含量有较大的差别,具体表现在:(1)西带活性组分含量高,其中Cd的水溶态、离子交换态占总量的46.13%,Ni水溶态和离子交换态占总量的4.48%。重金属含量超标如此严重,Cd、Ni对生态环境应具有较大的危害。(2)东带重金属活性组分低,Cd离子交换态(含水溶态)占总量的17.9%,Ni离子交换态(含水溶态)仅占1.79%,有效态的绝对含量不高,对环境的危害很小。
通过土壤地球化学调查和利用高精度测试手段,首次在浙西地区发现大规模的富硒土壤,分布在龙游、安吉、诸暨等地区。该地区土层深厚,质地适中,土壤肥沃,总面积506.8km~2。根据现代沉积学理论分析,确认浙西地区富硒区硒主要来源于下寒武统荷塘组黑色岩系。其中东带富硒土壤形成特点:第四系沉积区与源岩风化区距离较远,沉积区为一长条形盆地,土壤类型为潴育型水稻土,呈弱碱性—碱性,土层厚,土壤质地为重壤,Cd、Hg含量为国家土壤环境质量二～三级标准,Ca、Mg、Se含量较高为特征。该区农产品富硒程度高,重金属含量低。西带富硒土壤形成特点:第四系沉积区与源岩风化区距离较近,地形坡度较陡,沉积区为一开放的河谷地带,土壤类型为渗育型水稻土,土层薄,呈弱酸性—酸性,颗粒相对较粗,地球化学以富Cd、Ni、Se、Zn、As、S、Fe,低Ca、Mg为特征。
通过系统对比,首次发现,浙西富硒土壤中S、Org.C、CaO、MgO、Cd、Zn、Ni、Hg、As、Se与源区石煤相比具有较高的继承性。其中,S、Org.C、CaO、MgO对土壤的酸碱度和理化性质等具有深刻的影响。安吉富硒土壤中S、Org.C含量仍高于龙游,而龙游土壤中CaO含量仍高于安吉,显示出龙游土壤呈碱性,安吉土壤呈酸性的差别,表明两地区土壤中的氧化物和微量元素等与其源岩地质背景仍有较密切的联系。
相关分析发现,在浙西富硒区不同母质、不同类型的土壤中,有效硒含量与土壤pH密切相关;在相同母质和相同类型的土壤中,有效硒含量与土壤硒总量极显著相关。根据因子分析原理,应用最大正交旋转求得该区土壤中指标的最终因子载荷,F_1、F_3分别反映了沉积区富硒土壤中Se与Cd、Cu、Zn以及与MgO的原生共生组合特征。
研究发现,龙游富硒区土壤偏碱性,P、Ca、Zn、Mn含量丰富,由于磷酸盐、碱性环境对Se活化的促进作用,Ca、Zn、Mn对Cd的拮抗作用以及碱性环境对Cd的固化作用,使作物根部对Se的吸收增加,对Cd等重金属的吸收大大减少,使得该区农产品成为低镉高硒的天然富硒农产品。而安吉富硒区由于S、Org.C等地质高背景,土壤呈酸性,Se多被土壤粘粒吸附活性较低,加上Ca、Mn含量较低对Cd、Ni拮抗作用不明显,因此,导致农产品中Cd、Ni超标而Se含量相对不高的现象。
通过生物地球化学研究,发现东西两带土壤元素的活性组分含量、农产品硒与重金属的含量和生态效应三者之间具有良好的对应关系。其中,西带富硒区稻米中硒含量仅达到富硒临界值,与农业部粮食卫生限量标准值相比,农产品Cd、Ni含量超标严重(Cd 0.26～0.63mg/kg,Ni 0.5～1.0mg/kg),但同时也达富锌、富硒水平。实地调查发现,当地居民健康状况良好,并未出现“痛痛病”等地方性疾病。由此推断是人体内部Se、Zn对Cd、Ni的拮抗屏蔽作用,影响了人体对Cd、Ni的吸收。相反,东带稻米、莲子等农产品中Se含量高,Cd、Ni低,表现出高硒低重金属的特点。
首次在东带发现龙游天然优质富硒大米和富硒莲子。这些农产品硒含量高,重金属在农业部食品卫生限量范围之内,体现出富硒农产品的保健性与安全性的统一。富硒土壤研究成果,经过近年来富硒农产品规模开发利用,已取得巨大的经济效益。长期食用这些农产品的当地居民,表现为精力充沛、健康长寿,发硒含量是正常人发硒0.28mg/kg的1.79～3.75倍。
综合上述黑色岩系风化剖面研究、淋溶实验研究、土壤剖面研究以及元素形态分析研究等,表明浙西下寒武统荷塘组黑色岩系地区Cd、Zn、Ni在酸性条件下具有较强的迁移能力,但在碱性环境相对固定;而Se在碱性条件下迁移能力强,在酸性环境较为稳定。根据这一特点,选择相对碱性地区开发富硒土壤,为贫瘠山区生产天然优质富硒农产品提供科学依据。
学位年度:2009
作者:宋明义
学位授予单位:合肥工业大学
关键词:下寒武统;;黑色岩系;;硒;;重金属;;表生地球化学;;富硒土壤;;浙江
摘要:
随着黑色岩系中石煤等矿产资源被广泛地开发利用,赋存其中的重金属和稀散元素在表生条件下释放出来,对生态环境造成严重的破坏和潜在威胁,已引起政府和众多研究者的广泛关注。浙西地区广泛分布着下寒武统黑色岩系,丰富的石煤、黄铁矿、磷块岩等矿产资源被开采利用,已有数百年的历史。因此,研究矿化黑色岩系在neodymium magnets开采和表生作用过程中元素的释放迁移、转化对土壤环境造成的深刻影响,为土地科学利用和提高当地居民的健康水平,具有重要的意义。
本文通过大量和细致的野外工作和室内分析研究,对西石煤矿山废煤堆、矿坑废水、土壤、农作物等的环境地球化学以及对东带龙游、诸暨地区和西带安吉、开化地区等代表性石煤矿山风化剖面的特征进行研究,揭示了Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、As、Cu、Zn等重金属以及有益元素硒在矿山废煤堆的释放、迁移和转化规律,重金属在土壤剖面各层次的赋存形态和生物活性,研究了重金属和硒元素在废煤堆、地表水、沉积物和土壤中的空间分布特征,系统分析和评价了石煤矿山开采给浙西地区带来的环境影响,并对石煤中硒的迁移规律以及富硒土壤的形成机制进行了深入的探讨,建立了重金属和硒在不同介质中的释放、迁移和转化模式。
在风化剖面上,与新鲜石煤成分相比,西带SiO_2、Al_2O_3、K_2O、Na_2O、TFe_2O_3变化不大,MnO在表层明显减少;东带风化剖面显示出SiO_2在表层发生富集,K_2O在中间层发生富集,CaO、MgO在中间层富集和在表层亏损十分明显。在不同的剖面上,Mn、Co、Mo的富集达到最高,部分元素REE、Cr、Cu、Th、Pb、Ba以及Ti也有一定的富集。其中以Mo最为典型,在各个剖面上的富集都是很高的。研究表明,常http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php量元素在岩—土界面之间变化明显,表明风化淋溶作用常量元素的减少主要发生在岩—土界面附近。
浙西地区黑色岩系微量、稀土元素的地球化学特征明显,主要表现在:①Sr/Ba0.00427-0.041,Co/Ni在0.054-0.371,均＜1,P_2O_5与Y、La-Ce、U-Th以及Co/Zn-(CO+Ni+Cu)等关系图均显示正常海水和热水混合的沉积特征;②不同地区风化剖面自下而上,从弱风化层到强弱风化层直至表土层,∑REE逐渐升高,向上迁移明显,表现出较强的表层富集能力。③从稀土模式上可以看出,上述三个碳质硅质岩剖面LREE/HREE＞1,稀土元素北美页岩的标准化配分模式表现为左倾,轻稀土元素表现为中度富集;而球粒陨石标准化配分模式则出现明显右倾,轻稀土相对于重稀土表现为富集,反映了典型的热水沉积稀土元素配分模式。不同剖面的稀土数据在球粒陨石标准化和北美页岩标准化的分布型式,均表现出较好的一致性,说明具有相同的沉积环境和密切的成因联系。
淋溶实验研究发现,大多数重金属淋溶初始阶段都是快速的,以后随着时间的推移逐渐减慢。其中在酸性条件下Cd、As、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni滤出率很快达到最高,以后很快减少,尤其是Cd、Zn、Ni起始阶段速度较高,很快地速度便降下来,7天的淋出量分别占淋溶柱对应元素总量的10.40%,9.66%,9.19%;而Hg、Pb滤出速度缓慢,以后逐渐增多,但总量并不高,如Hg的7天淋出量仅占总量的0.11%。Se在碱性条件下7天的滤出量占总量的0.69%,而且随着时间的推移持续升高,具有较大的潜在利用价值。
通过对工作区岩相古地理研究,认为造成东西两带富硒土壤pH和土壤地球化学成分差异较大的主要原因是由于东西两带地质背景、沉积环境和沉积相不同。其中西带荷塘期沉积环境属于台沟相,石煤层厚度大,碳酸盐层所占比例较少,石英/粘土比值为0.65,P_2O_5、CaO含量较低,黄铁矿含量高达9.3%;而东带荷塘期沉积环境属于台地相,石煤层厚度小,碳酸盐层夹层较多,石英/粘土比值为0.30,P_2O_5、CaO含量高,黄铁矿含量为4%。
风化削面对比研究发现,重金属在剖面上迁移的表现形式,与地形地貌、风化沉积作用等有着密切的联系。在源岩地区,石煤层主要发育风化剖面,富阳、常山、龙游以及诸暨等地石煤矿山风化剖面,重金属元素以迁出为主,表土层多数元素出现贫化,其中以Cd、Zn、Ni的贫化率最为明显,表明这些元素化学性质活泼,在表生条件下迁移性极强,大部分随水、风等介质在重力作用下发生迁移。而在沉积区主要发育土壤剖面,如西带的安吉、开化,东带的龙游等河谷平原黑色岩系风化物堆积区,重金属元素以累积形式为主,与剖面C层相比,Cd、Cu表层富集程度为最高,前者富集系数2.07～9.91,后者0.65～4.74;其次为As、Hg、Ni、Pb、Cr,表层出现富集明显。
剖面分析和元素形态分析发现,东、西两带土壤重金属活性组分的含量有较大的差别,具体表现在:(1)西带活性组分含量高,其中Cd的水溶态、离子交换态占总量的46.13%,Ni水溶态和离子交换态占总量的4.48%。重金属含量超标如此严重,Cd、Ni对生态环境应具有较大的危害。(2)东带重金属活性组分低,Cd离子交换态(含水溶态)占总量的17.9%,Ni离子交换态(含水溶态)仅占1.79%,有效态的绝对含量不高,对环境的危害很小。
通过土壤地球化学调查和利用高精度测试手段,首次在浙西地区发现大规模的富硒土壤,分布在龙游、安吉、诸暨等地区。该地区土层深厚,质地适中,土壤肥沃,总面积506.8km~2。根据现代沉积学理论分析,确认浙西地区富硒区硒主要来源于下寒武统荷塘组黑色岩系。其中东带富硒土壤形成特点:第四系沉积区与源岩风化区距离较远,沉积区为一长条形盆地,土壤类型为潴育型水稻土,呈弱碱性—碱性,土层厚,土壤质地为重壤,Cd、Hg含量为国家土壤环境质量二～三级标准,Ca、Mg、Se含量较高为特征。该区农产品富硒程度高,重金属含量低。西带富硒土壤形成特点:第四系沉积区与源岩风化区距离较近,地形坡度较陡,沉积区为一开放的河谷地带,土壤类型为渗育型水稻土,土层薄,呈弱酸性—酸性,颗粒相对较粗,地球化学以富Cd、Ni、Se、Zn、As、S、Fe,低Ca、Mg为特征。
通过系统对比,首次发现,浙西富硒土壤中S、Org.C、CaO、MgO、Cd、Zn、Ni、Hg、As、Se与源区石煤相比具有较高的继承性。其中,S、Org.C、CaO、MgO对土壤的酸碱度和理化性质等具有深刻的影响。安吉富硒土壤中S、Org.C含量仍高于龙游,而龙游土壤中CaO含量仍高于安吉,显示出龙游土壤呈碱性,安吉土壤呈酸性的差别,表明两地区土壤中的氧化物和微量元素等与其源岩地质背景仍有较密切的联系。
相关分析发现,在浙西富硒区不同母质、不同类型的土壤中,有效硒含量与土壤pH密切相关;在相同母质和相同类型的土壤中,有效硒含量与土壤硒总量极显著相关。根据因子分析原理,应用最大正交旋转求得该区土壤中指标的最终因子载荷,F_1、F_3分别反映了沉积区富硒土壤中Se与Cd、Cu、Zn以及与MgO的原生共生组合特征。
研究发现,龙游富硒区土壤偏碱性,P、Ca、Zn、Mn含量丰富,由于磷酸盐、碱性环境对Se活化的促进作用,Ca、Zn、Mn对Cd的拮抗作用以及碱性环境对Cd的固化作用,使作物根部对Se的吸收增加,对Cd等重金属的吸收大大减少,使得该区农产品成为低镉高硒的天然富硒农产品。而安吉富硒区由于S、Org.C等地质高背景,土壤呈酸性,Se多被土壤粘粒吸附活性较低,加上Ca、Mn含量较低对Cd、Ni拮抗作用不明显,因此,导致农产品中Cd、Ni超标而Se含量相对不高的现象。
通过生物地球化学研究,发现东西两带土壤元素的活性组分含量、农产品硒与重金属的含量和生态效应三者之间具有良好的对应关系。其中,西带富硒区稻米中硒含量仅达到富硒临界值,与农业部粮食卫生限量标准值相比,农产品Cd、Ni含量超标严重(Cd 0.26～0.63mg/kg,Ni 0.5～1.0mg/kg),但同时也达富锌、富硒水平。实地调查发现,当地居民健康状况良好,并未出现“痛痛病”等地方性疾病。由此推断是人体内部Se、Zn对Cd、Ni的拮抗屏蔽作用,影响了人体对Cd、Ni的吸收。相反,东带稻米、莲子等农产品中Se含量高,Cd、Ni低,表现出高硒低重金属的特点。
首次在东带发现龙游天然优质富硒大米和富硒莲子。这些农产品硒含量高,重金属在农业部食品卫生限量范围之内,体现出富硒农产品的保健性与安全性的统一。富硒土壤研究成果,经过近年来富硒农产品规模开发利用,已取得巨大的经济效益。长期食用这些农产品的当地居民,表现为精力充沛、健康长寿,发硒含量是正常人发硒0.28mg/kg的1.79～3.75倍。
综合上述黑色岩系风化剖面研究、淋溶实验研究、土壤剖面研究以及元素形态分析研究等,表明浙西下寒武统荷塘组黑色岩系地区Cd、Zn、Ni在酸性条件下具有较强的迁移能力,但在碱性环境相对固定;而Se在碱性条件下迁移能力强,在酸性环境较为稳定。根据这一特点,选择相对碱性地区开发富硒土壤,为贫瘠山区生产天然优质富硒农产品提供科学依据。
学位年度:2009
Three composite Jiangbei section Yushu area and mineralization of the orogenic
Title: Three composite Jiangbei section Yushu area and mineralization of the orogenicAuthor: Zhao-LinDegree awarded: Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesKeywords: Geology;; thrust structure;; porphyry-type deposits;; zircon LA-ICPMS U-Pb ages;; three Jiangbei sectionSummary:
Qinghai Yushu area located in the famous "three rivers" copper polymetallic mineralization with the extension part of the North, has great potential for mineralization. In this study, within the North Qiangtang block within the volcanic rocks and granite Yushu neodymium magnets suture zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology, geochemistry, combined with tectonic - magmatic activity and petrography, the late Paleozoic - Mesozoic tectonic units and tectonic evolution. In Yushu - Nangqian belt for Cenozoic tectonic evolution, deformation studies, based on the combination of copper and lead-zinc porphyry molybdenum mineralization dating, Jiangbei section of the Yushu area for three Cenozoic tectonic features and mineralization research.
Three Jiangbei section Yushu region has experienced two key geological processes of composite overlay, that the late Paleozoic - early Mesozoic subduction, collision orogeny and Cenozoic orogenic collision conversion process. Late Paleozoic - Early Mesozoic volcanic complex Yushu major rock band formed in the North Qiangtang blocks form the basis of the Permian - Triassic continental margin arc zone, north of the volcanic complex rock formation with the Bayan Har turbidites with, Cenozoic collision - Conversion to form orogenic stage large-scale strike-slip fault and thrust structure.
Yushu complex rock volcanic rock band has gone through strong compression and multi-level deformation, the widespread occurrence of shallow greenschist facies metamorphism to form a "fan" nappe tectonic units stacked on the cover on both sides. Developed with the major folds, lens, and a small fracture foliation structure, reflecting the collision process with extrusion. http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php Yushu volcanic complex has been widely distributed rock band strongly deformed mafic dikes and granodioritic intrusions, which represents the collision with granite complex is widely distributed in Yushu volcanic belt and the Bayan Har turbidites band, The Qiangtang little development within the granodiorite rocks, the igneous rocks of the temporal and spatial distribution for the Jinsha River in Yushu region southward subduction of oceanic tectonic units of the division and provide good evidence.
Permian subduction orogeny in the North Qiangtang block the formation of sodium on Gongma - sub-margin arc volcanic rocks with music, volcanic zircon LA-ICPMSU-Pb age of 275.4 Ma, 273.3Ma, geochemical features suggest that enrichment ion lithophile elements (LILE), depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE), has the characteristics of island arc volcanic rocks, volcanic rocks with high ~ (176) Hf / ~ (177) Hf and εHf (t) values, indicating magma source District should have a loss on the Bay asthenosphere mantle join.
Triassic volcanic rocks and the formation of active continental margin magmatic arc granite. East Mozart caught mine volcanic zircon LA-ICPMS U-Pb age of 236.6 ± 1.9Ma and 238.3 ± 4.0Ma, volcanic rocks and zircon REE, Hf isotopes show the characteristics of a continental margin arc volcanic rocks. Yushu arc magma intruded into the volcanic complex of granite rocks, two biotite granite zircon U-Pb ages of 235.2 ± 1.2Ma and 228.7 ± 1.2Ma, in addition to the individual, the samples generally silicon and alkali-rich components, poor P_2O_5 and TiO_2 and other components, the overall calc-alkaline series, the three major elements of granite samples with good correlation characteristics, shows a clear crystal fractionation, sample trace elements and REE distribution patterns are similar to magmatic arc granite rocks from diorite quartz diorite → → → granodiorite, biotite granite, more and more enriched in light rare earth rare earth elements present, more and more loss of heavy rare earth, rare earth fractionation characteristics of more and more obvious that the The granite is a product of the Jinsha subduction stage.
Permian and Triassic active continental margin arc volcanic belt on the continental margin to reflect the occurrence reduce the Jinsha oceanic crust, ocean - land conversion and crustal tectonic northward proliferation process. However, the Late Paleozoic - Early Mesozoic orogeny in the third section of the Yushu area Jiangbei and not a lot of development similar to the Sanjiang tectonic belt - southern section of the back-arc spreading (rift) environment "bimodal" combination of rock, there is no large-scale development collisional stage of the volcanic rocks and the role of post-collisional extension, may be Late Paleozoic - Early Mesozoic mineralization adversely.
Cenozoic collision - conversion in three orogenic deformation Jiangbei section the formation of two styles that strike-slip tensile and compression together, strike-slip extension in the context of the formation of strike-slip fault, strike-slip pull-apart basin and rich alkaline intrusive rocks, potassium - ultra-potassic volcanic rocks, squeezed together to form the context of large-scale thrust nappe system, thrust nappe system in the thrust direction from south to north into the root zone, the zone and forward zone , respectively, each with between the main thrust apart. Two tectonic deformation pattern corresponding to the study area, the formation of two ore-forming system, the late collision stage strike-slip fault-controlled porphyry mineralization system and thrust structural control of hydrothermal mineralization system, the former on the formation of sodium Gongma porphyry molybdenum copper deposit, the mineralization age of 40.86 ± 0.85Ma (Re-Os method), and showed the Sanjiang region from north to south porphyry emplacement and mineralization age gradually become a new trend; thrust cover structural control of hydrothermal ore-forming system to form the East Mozart arrested and Mohailaheng lead-zinc deposits, deposits formed in the thrust-nappe belt striker, prolific ore body in the imbricate thrust fault on the ( below) or recoil plate fracture zone near the fault, mineralization age of 35.03 ± 0.89Ma and 34.0 ± 1.1Ma (Rb-Sr method).Degree Year: 2009
Qinghai Yushu area located in the famous "three rivers" copper polymetallic mineralization with the extension part of the North, has great potential for mineralization. In this study, within the North Qiangtang block within the volcanic rocks and granite Yushu neodymium magnets suture zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology, geochemistry, combined with tectonic - magmatic activity and petrography, the late Paleozoic - Mesozoic tectonic units and tectonic evolution. In Yushu - Nangqian belt for Cenozoic tectonic evolution, deformation studies, based on the combination of copper and lead-zinc porphyry molybdenum mineralization dating, Jiangbei section of the Yushu area for three Cenozoic tectonic features and mineralization research.
Three Jiangbei section Yushu region has experienced two key geological processes of composite overlay, that the late Paleozoic - early Mesozoic subduction, collision orogeny and Cenozoic orogenic collision conversion process. Late Paleozoic - Early Mesozoic volcanic complex Yushu major rock band formed in the North Qiangtang blocks form the basis of the Permian - Triassic continental margin arc zone, north of the volcanic complex rock formation with the Bayan Har turbidites with, Cenozoic collision - Conversion to form orogenic stage large-scale strike-slip fault and thrust structure.
Yushu complex rock volcanic rock band has gone through strong compression and multi-level deformation, the widespread occurrence of shallow greenschist facies metamorphism to form a "fan" nappe tectonic units stacked on the cover on both sides. Developed with the major folds, lens, and a small fracture foliation structure, reflecting the collision process with extrusion. http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php Yushu volcanic complex has been widely distributed rock band strongly deformed mafic dikes and granodioritic intrusions, which represents the collision with granite complex is widely distributed in Yushu volcanic belt and the Bayan Har turbidites band, The Qiangtang little development within the granodiorite rocks, the igneous rocks of the temporal and spatial distribution for the Jinsha River in Yushu region southward subduction of oceanic tectonic units of the division and provide good evidence.
Permian subduction orogeny in the North Qiangtang block the formation of sodium on Gongma - sub-margin arc volcanic rocks with music, volcanic zircon LA-ICPMSU-Pb age of 275.4 Ma, 273.3Ma, geochemical features suggest that enrichment ion lithophile elements (LILE), depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE), has the characteristics of island arc volcanic rocks, volcanic rocks with high ~ (176) Hf / ~ (177) Hf and εHf (t) values, indicating magma source District should have a loss on the Bay asthenosphere mantle join.
Triassic volcanic rocks and the formation of active continental margin magmatic arc granite. East Mozart caught mine volcanic zircon LA-ICPMS U-Pb age of 236.6 ± 1.9Ma and 238.3 ± 4.0Ma, volcanic rocks and zircon REE, Hf isotopes show the characteristics of a continental margin arc volcanic rocks. Yushu arc magma intruded into the volcanic complex of granite rocks, two biotite granite zircon U-Pb ages of 235.2 ± 1.2Ma and 228.7 ± 1.2Ma, in addition to the individual, the samples generally silicon and alkali-rich components, poor P_2O_5 and TiO_2 and other components, the overall calc-alkaline series, the three major elements of granite samples with good correlation characteristics, shows a clear crystal fractionation, sample trace elements and REE distribution patterns are similar to magmatic arc granite rocks from diorite quartz diorite → → → granodiorite, biotite granite, more and more enriched in light rare earth rare earth elements present, more and more loss of heavy rare earth, rare earth fractionation characteristics of more and more obvious that the The granite is a product of the Jinsha subduction stage.
Permian and Triassic active continental margin arc volcanic belt on the continental margin to reflect the occurrence reduce the Jinsha oceanic crust, ocean - land conversion and crustal tectonic northward proliferation process. However, the Late Paleozoic - Early Mesozoic orogeny in the third section of the Yushu area Jiangbei and not a lot of development similar to the Sanjiang tectonic belt - southern section of the back-arc spreading (rift) environment "bimodal" combination of rock, there is no large-scale development collisional stage of the volcanic rocks and the role of post-collisional extension, may be Late Paleozoic - Early Mesozoic mineralization adversely.
Cenozoic collision - conversion in three orogenic deformation Jiangbei section the formation of two styles that strike-slip tensile and compression together, strike-slip extension in the context of the formation of strike-slip fault, strike-slip pull-apart basin and rich alkaline intrusive rocks, potassium - ultra-potassic volcanic rocks, squeezed together to form the context of large-scale thrust nappe system, thrust nappe system in the thrust direction from south to north into the root zone, the zone and forward zone , respectively, each with between the main thrust apart. Two tectonic deformation pattern corresponding to the study area, the formation of two ore-forming system, the late collision stage strike-slip fault-controlled porphyry mineralization system and thrust structural control of hydrothermal mineralization system, the former on the formation of sodium Gongma porphyry molybdenum copper deposit, the mineralization age of 40.86 ± 0.85Ma (Re-Os method), and showed the Sanjiang region from north to south porphyry emplacement and mineralization age gradually become a new trend; thrust cover structural control of hydrothermal ore-forming system to form the East Mozart arrested and Mohailaheng lead-zinc deposits, deposits formed in the thrust-nappe belt striker, prolific ore body in the imbricate thrust fault on the ( below) or recoil plate fracture zone near the fault, mineralization age of 35.03 ± 0.89Ma and 34.0 ± 1.1Ma (Rb-Sr method).Degree Year: 2009
三江北段玉树地区复合造山与成矿作用研究
题名:三江北段玉树地区复合造山与成矿作用研究
作者:王召林
学位授予单位:中国地质科学院
关键词:地质学;;逆冲推覆构造;;斑岩型矿床;;锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄;;三江北段
摘要:
青海玉树地区位于我国著名的“三江”铜多金属成矿带的北延部分,具有巨大的成矿潜力。本研究通过对北羌塘陆块内部火山岩和玉树缝合带内花岗岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学、地球化学分析,结合构造-岩浆活动和岩相学特征,进行晚古生代—中生代构造单元划分和构造演化研究。在对玉树-囊谦构造带进行新生neodymium magnets代构造演化、变形研究的基础上,结合斑岩钼铜矿和铅锌矿的成矿年龄测定,进行三江北段玉树地区新生代构造特征与成矿作用研究。
三江北段玉树地区经历了两个关键地质过程的复合叠加,即晚古生代—早中生代俯冲、碰撞造山过程和新生代碰撞转换造山的过程。晚古生代—早中生代主要形成玉树火山杂岩带,在北羌塘陆块基础上形成二叠纪-三叠纪陆缘弧带,火山杂岩带北侧形成巴颜喀拉浊积岩带,新生代碰撞-转换造山阶段形成走滑断裂和大规模逆冲推覆构造。
玉树火山杂岩带内岩石经历了强烈挤压和多层次的构造变形,普遍发生绿片岩相的浅变质作用,形成“扇状”推覆体叠盖在两侧构造单元上。带内主要发育褶皱、透镜体、构造面理和小型断裂,反映同碰撞过程中的挤压变形。玉树火山杂岩带广泛分布着已强烈变形的基性岩脉和花岗闪长质侵入体,而代表同碰撞的花岗岩广泛分布于玉树火山杂岩带和巴颜喀拉浊积岩带内,而羌塘地块内部很少发育花岗闪长岩类,这一岩浆岩的时空分布特征可为金沙江洋在玉树地区向南俯冲和构造单元的划分提供很好的佐证。
二叠纪俯冲造山在北羌塘陆块形成纳日贡玛-子曲陆缘弧火山岩带,火山岩的锆石LA-ICPMSU-Pb年龄为275.4 Ma、273.3Ma,岩石地球化学特征显示富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE),具有岛弧火山岩的特征,火山岩具有较高的~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf和εHf(t)值,指示岩浆源区应具有上涌的亏损软流圈地幔物质加入。
三叠纪陆缘活动形成火山岩和岩浆弧花岗岩。东莫扎抓矿区火山岩锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为236.6±1.9Ma和238.3±4.0Ma,火山岩地球化学和锆石稀土元素、Hf同位素特征显示具有陆缘弧火山岩的特征。岩浆弧花岗岩侵入于玉树火山杂岩中,两件黑云母花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为235.2±1.2Ma和228.7±1.2Ma,除个别外,样品http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php
普遍富硅和碱质组分,贫P_2O_5和TiO_2等组分,总体属钙碱性系列,三件花岗岩样品主量元素特征具有很好的相关性,显示明显的结晶分异作用,样品微量元素特征和稀土元素分布形式与岩浆弧花岗岩相似,岩石从闪长岩→石英闪长岩→花岗闪长岩→黑云母花岗岩,稀土元素呈现轻稀土越来越富集,重稀土越来越亏损,稀土分馏越来越明显的特点,认为该花岗岩类是金沙江洋俯冲阶段的产物。
与二叠纪和三叠纪活动陆缘有关的陆缘弧火山岩带反映金沙江洋壳发生消减、洋-陆构造体制转换和大陆地壳向北增生的过程。但是,晚古生代—早中生代的造山作用在三江北段玉树地区并没有大量发育类似于三江构造带中-南段弧后扩张(裂谷)环境的“双峰式”岩石组合,没有发育大规模碰撞造山阶段的火山岩和后碰撞伸展作用,可能对晚古生代—早中生代的成矿作用不利。
新生代碰撞-转换造山作用在三江北段形成两种构造变形样式,即走滑拉张和挤压汇聚,在走滑拉张的背景下形成走滑断裂、走滑拉分盆地和富碱质侵入岩、钾质-超钾质火山岩,挤压汇聚背景下形成大型逆冲推覆构造系统,逆冲推覆构造系统在逆冲方向上由南向北分为根带、中带和前锋带,各带之间分别以主逆冲断裂相隔。对应于两种构造变形样式,研究区形成两套成矿系统,即晚碰撞阶段走滑断裂控制的斑岩成矿系统和逆冲推覆构造控制的热液成矿系统,前者形成纳日贡玛斑岩型钼铜矿床,其成矿年龄为40.86±0.85Ma(Re-Os法),并呈现出整个三江地区由北向南斑岩侵位年龄和成矿年龄逐渐变新的趋势;逆冲推覆构造控制的热液成矿系统形成东莫扎抓和莫海拉亨铅锌矿床,矿床形成于逆冲推覆构造的前锋带内,矿体多产在叠瓦状逆冲断层的上(下)盘破碎带或反冲断层附近,成矿年龄为35.03±0.89Ma和34.0±1.1Ma(Rb-Sr法)。
学位年度:2009
作者:王召林
学位授予单位:中国地质科学院
关键词:地质学;;逆冲推覆构造;;斑岩型矿床;;锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄;;三江北段
摘要:
青海玉树地区位于我国著名的“三江”铜多金属成矿带的北延部分,具有巨大的成矿潜力。本研究通过对北羌塘陆块内部火山岩和玉树缝合带内花岗岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学、地球化学分析,结合构造-岩浆活动和岩相学特征,进行晚古生代—中生代构造单元划分和构造演化研究。在对玉树-囊谦构造带进行新生neodymium magnets代构造演化、变形研究的基础上,结合斑岩钼铜矿和铅锌矿的成矿年龄测定,进行三江北段玉树地区新生代构造特征与成矿作用研究。
三江北段玉树地区经历了两个关键地质过程的复合叠加,即晚古生代—早中生代俯冲、碰撞造山过程和新生代碰撞转换造山的过程。晚古生代—早中生代主要形成玉树火山杂岩带,在北羌塘陆块基础上形成二叠纪-三叠纪陆缘弧带,火山杂岩带北侧形成巴颜喀拉浊积岩带,新生代碰撞-转换造山阶段形成走滑断裂和大规模逆冲推覆构造。
玉树火山杂岩带内岩石经历了强烈挤压和多层次的构造变形,普遍发生绿片岩相的浅变质作用,形成“扇状”推覆体叠盖在两侧构造单元上。带内主要发育褶皱、透镜体、构造面理和小型断裂,反映同碰撞过程中的挤压变形。玉树火山杂岩带广泛分布着已强烈变形的基性岩脉和花岗闪长质侵入体,而代表同碰撞的花岗岩广泛分布于玉树火山杂岩带和巴颜喀拉浊积岩带内,而羌塘地块内部很少发育花岗闪长岩类,这一岩浆岩的时空分布特征可为金沙江洋在玉树地区向南俯冲和构造单元的划分提供很好的佐证。
二叠纪俯冲造山在北羌塘陆块形成纳日贡玛-子曲陆缘弧火山岩带,火山岩的锆石LA-ICPMSU-Pb年龄为275.4 Ma、273.3Ma,岩石地球化学特征显示富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE),具有岛弧火山岩的特征,火山岩具有较高的~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf和εHf(t)值,指示岩浆源区应具有上涌的亏损软流圈地幔物质加入。
三叠纪陆缘活动形成火山岩和岩浆弧花岗岩。东莫扎抓矿区火山岩锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为236.6±1.9Ma和238.3±4.0Ma,火山岩地球化学和锆石稀土元素、Hf同位素特征显示具有陆缘弧火山岩的特征。岩浆弧花岗岩侵入于玉树火山杂岩中,两件黑云母花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为235.2±1.2Ma和228.7±1.2Ma,除个别外,样品http://www.chinamagnets.biz/Neodymium/Ball-Neodymium-Magnets.php
普遍富硅和碱质组分,贫P_2O_5和TiO_2等组分,总体属钙碱性系列,三件花岗岩样品主量元素特征具有很好的相关性,显示明显的结晶分异作用,样品微量元素特征和稀土元素分布形式与岩浆弧花岗岩相似,岩石从闪长岩→石英闪长岩→花岗闪长岩→黑云母花岗岩,稀土元素呈现轻稀土越来越富集,重稀土越来越亏损,稀土分馏越来越明显的特点,认为该花岗岩类是金沙江洋俯冲阶段的产物。
与二叠纪和三叠纪活动陆缘有关的陆缘弧火山岩带反映金沙江洋壳发生消减、洋-陆构造体制转换和大陆地壳向北增生的过程。但是,晚古生代—早中生代的造山作用在三江北段玉树地区并没有大量发育类似于三江构造带中-南段弧后扩张(裂谷)环境的“双峰式”岩石组合,没有发育大规模碰撞造山阶段的火山岩和后碰撞伸展作用,可能对晚古生代—早中生代的成矿作用不利。
新生代碰撞-转换造山作用在三江北段形成两种构造变形样式,即走滑拉张和挤压汇聚,在走滑拉张的背景下形成走滑断裂、走滑拉分盆地和富碱质侵入岩、钾质-超钾质火山岩,挤压汇聚背景下形成大型逆冲推覆构造系统,逆冲推覆构造系统在逆冲方向上由南向北分为根带、中带和前锋带,各带之间分别以主逆冲断裂相隔。对应于两种构造变形样式,研究区形成两套成矿系统,即晚碰撞阶段走滑断裂控制的斑岩成矿系统和逆冲推覆构造控制的热液成矿系统,前者形成纳日贡玛斑岩型钼铜矿床,其成矿年龄为40.86±0.85Ma(Re-Os法),并呈现出整个三江地区由北向南斑岩侵位年龄和成矿年龄逐渐变新的趋势;逆冲推覆构造控制的热液成矿系统形成东莫扎抓和莫海拉亨铅锌矿床,矿床形成于逆冲推覆构造的前锋带内,矿体多产在叠瓦状逆冲断层的上(下)盘破碎带或反冲断层附近,成矿年龄为35.03±0.89Ma和34.0±1.1Ma(Rb-Sr法)。
学位年度:2009
2011年10月16日星期日
"crossing" and the pursuit of the home
Title: "crossing" and the pursuit of the homeAuthor: Li YongmeiDegree-granting units: Shandong UniversityKeywords: Caryl Phillips;; cross the river;; home;; historical narrative;; slavery;; immigrationSummary:
Caryl Phillips (1958 -) was born in the Caribbean. He began his writing career writing plays, novels but then his achievements over the theater. So far, Phillips created a dozen novels, four plays, two screenplays and a radio, three non-fiction anthology, two anthologies, and he has done editing, is the "Guardian", "The Times Literary Supplement Review "and other Neodymium Magnets newspapers and magazines before. Most of his works, especially fiction has won various awards, including "distant shores" (2003), a book to be a four awards; widely praised by Neodymium Magnets, called his masterpiece the "crossing" (1993) received the 1993 Booker nominated by the British in 1994, James Tate Black Memorial Prize. Phillips is not only an excellent English writing of black writers, and has become a prolific writer, writing a wide area, no wonder "The New York Times" commented that he "Phillips has proven itself as the best among his contemporaries best and most prolific writers, "called him" one of the giants of literature of our time. "
In the former British colony from the writers, Caryl Phillips is a contemporary English literature in a pivotal figure, with his works, especially novels, he updated from the form to the theme is essentially a realist, but occasionally and hints that narrow-mindedness of literary tradition. He inherited this innovation from the West Indies on the same generation immigrant writers of literary spirit, such as Wilson Harris, George Fleming and Samuel Russell who, but from the Caribbean writers, in addition to VS Naipaul, the Phillips is another earlier been recognized as belonging to English literature "mainstream" writers.
Phillips's contribution to the English literature mainly in two aspects. Phillips is one aspect of the novel, the story of debris like to replace the traditional linear narrative, with cascading past and present, associated with different locations, this just reflects the fragmented in a discrete, dislocation of people's living conditions. If Phillips early novels with autobiographical elements are also regarded as a complete story, although interspersed with a "flashback", then his later novels are isolated from each other but directly to the rich sound and lyrical juxtaposition . These voices because of gender, race, class and time reasons, isolation from each other, but they also have a common experience pain and failure, and future harbor http://www.everbeenmagnet.com/en/products/110-sintered -neodymium-magnetsAn instinctive expectations. The second aspect http://www.everbeenmagnet.com/en/products/110-sintered-neodymium-magnets is the theme of the novel Phillips broaden the field of British fiction, the existing social order into question, while emphasizing the long neglected by the British novel intrinsic heterogeneity. Phillips's novel concerns the exclusion of the traditional characters of history, to reproduce a deliberate cover up the history of Western society, such as the transatlantic slave trade, the real history. Before the 1990s the British novel, slavery and the "other" in the UK are either deliberately ignored or are treated as secondary issues, but they work in the Phillips has become a core issue. Phillips works with the theme of innovation in the form properly reflects the impact on him, reflects his attachment with the existing traditional detached, this tradition is the United Kingdom, Africa, the United States, but also the Caribbean.
Although Phillips has made no small achievement, but he does not seem to win the attention they deserve. This of course works with the theme of the present Phillips readers too "old" factor, but the main reason may be due to the author's identity: as the descendants of Africa, Phillips was born in the Caribbean, longer than the UK, now residing in the United States. For four hands hold the identity of this card, Phillips repeatedly complained about his home everywhere, but there is no ownership of the situation: "I know this place, I feel like at home, but I do not belong here, I is here one, but not a member here. "In fact, Phillips's own situation, especially his non-stop cross-border acts of a perfect reflection of the survival status of blacks. In addition, although the novel "crossing" the highly acclaimed, won the Booker Prize nomination, but it is not the final winner, so the average reader's attention to his relatively small also makes sense.
Phillips works in the read, based on the author found that "cross the river" is one of the recurring themes, and cross the river directly affect the behavior of the subsequent fate of the characters, regardless of the motivation of people to cross the river, their family's love and the pursuit of a similar . Cross the river on the behavior of both the mean time, another space, meaning that most people have the experience to cross the river, so the crossing is a real sense, there are also a metaphor meaning across racial boundaries. Phillips at home and abroad for academic research, the author notes, foreign academic works have five, two domestic master's thesis, an academic article, there is no doctoral dissertations and monographs. I read the criticism of books and articles, in addition to Phillips, I wrote an article entitled "Crossing borders", as well as one commentator wrote an article for its echoes of the articles, and no other article or paper of "crossing" the human condition. This paper analyzes cross the river before crossing the expectations of people, crossing the suffering of course, after crossing the experience and outcome, as well as a broader sense to cross the river, cross the river reveals the universality of this paper is the first innovation.
The pursuit of their homes has been the subject of literary works, works of Phillips is no exception. Although in his view, the home is "the mystery of the same problems," he said more than once, "Where are you from?" To "problematic issues", and "with password", but worth noting is that the authors work with him personally to the characters, as in the search for a "home" of the true meaning. Work of the people are mostly based on tragedy, although they will eventually revealed a little hope in the desolate, and the author is still in the old Central Atlantic, "Triangle" shuttle, left his birth (West Indies), raising He (UK) where, to settle in the United States. His home everywhere, but nowhere was home, which is perhaps a true portrayal of people cross the river. Cross the river is a never ending flow of the process, even if a person fell, the family behind the reserve army is still looking forward to forward to one day be the "sovereign state" to. Most of the commentary about the pain of displacement of people cross the river, but did not address the relentless pursuit of their homes, so from the perspective of people cross the river to focus on the pursuit of their homes, this is the second innovation.
Therefore, this paper in order to "cross the river" as the starting point, combined with text and related theories, from four to analyze characters and identity in the pursuit of home ownership on the face of difficulties. They are the slaves in slavery under the difficult loss of their homes and rebuild their homes, immigrants "British dream" search, the white cross the river, as well as in a broader sense of the crossing.
The first chapter discusses the papers earlier black cross the river, that across the Atlantic slave trade of Africans forced to cross the river. History is Phillips has been the focus of attention, especially the history of slavery. The first part of the first analysis of Phillips in the late twentieth century restatement of the purpose of trafficking in slaves. In Phillips seems, slavery is still by far a we wish to avoid the subject, so Phillips is committed to mining was rejected by the official history of the various voices, the voices of both slaves, including plantation owners daughter's voice. More than just the history of black slavery, it is also the history of whites. The second part traces the history of slavery. For the period infamous slave history, Britain has not the courage to admit their own role, but tried to cover up and deny, in fact, Phillips seems that perhaps the British society of the "root of all evil", it is also From the beginning of slavery, only after the steady flow of people British Empire their expectations towards the land - the United Kingdom. The third part of the detailed analysis of the Phillips works in the living conditions of slaves. It is driven by easy profits, forcing the innocent slave trade does not belong to the Africans embarked on a journey across the Atlantic, like "crossing" as depicted in their carry his father's expectations of Africa, such as broken branches difficult in a foreign land to grow. Part IV explores the legacy of slavery, including racism and non-whites in the twenty-first century to face the problem of national identity, the anxiety of contemporary Britain can be found there from the root of slavery, but people between these two explore the relationship is not enough, it is slavery which led Phillips to repeat this history.
Thought-provoking, the descendants of slaves who not only did not take away from their ancestors, so that they can not meet the colonists forever, but are they as a magnet to attract a camel, a sovereign state began to dream trip This is the second chapter to be explored. This chapter begins with a brief review of that part of the famous "Imperial Feng Chi Road" (Windrush) ship transporting immigration history. British government and take on the forgotten history of one of the means is to take the "Imperial Feng Chi number," ship of that generation immigrants coming as the first black to reach the UK, thereby denying blacks the shameful history of trafficking, to exclude outsiders out purposes. But since ancient times, continental Europe, especially Britain, the pace of foreign people have never stopped, either because of the motivation to reap huge profits, or ease the shortage of labor demand, the United Kingdom "Please enter" the outsiders - are trafficked slaves and the fifties and sixties of the Caribbean immigrants, the prosperity of the British Empire are made extraordinary contributions, but their dedication has not been recognized, and their "existence" is regarded as some of the social problems root cause. The second part of the contact Phillips's own experience, especially for the "origin" the sensitive issue of distress, indicating that cross the river have no place to take root in the cracks situation. The author summarizes the Phillips image of the novel kinds of immigrants, why has the sovereign power may be so attractive to the two from Mircea Eliade, where to find the time to explain the concept. In essence, the plight of people cross the river from the evils of Western colonialism, colonial plunder wealth, to replace the colonial legacy of Western culture, the vulnerability of historical and cultural traditions, as long as the culture is gone, the people destined to become a tree without roots wood, cosmopolitan, and everywhere homeless. This chapter also tap the tragic fate of the reasons for people to cross the river: one being the exclusion of the sovereign state, on the other hand, because he abandoned the home, even if it is back home, could not find a sense of belonging. Which Phillips proposed a "Atlantic House" concept, which reflects the immigration dilemma.
The third chapter was devoted to the white man "crossing" situation. Like "crossing" in the show, not just the crowd to cross the river including black, white also in the crossing, although the situation is different with the black. In the course of the black slave trafficking victims is no doubt, they may not realize that white people did not survive. Cut off the homes of black slaves, at the edge of the white man is equally hard to return home, they had similar experiences with blacks. I have read the article did not comment on that white people cross the river, this is the thesis of the third innovation. This paper traces the first Europeans to cross the river of history, interests, driven by ocean-going sailing under the banner name of spread of civilization, but in fact turned into a vassal state of his country's colonial history, which is Europe's economic prosperity has laid a solid foundation. Then cross the river into the white paper analyzes the "dark place" here refers to an African or Caribbean - course, it is in this "land of darkness," they found their identity and embarrassment of the situation back home is difficult; more tragic is to cross the river themselves but also their white compatriots, victims of racial discrimination, the reason they helpless in their own country on the move, wandering around, it is also trying to find a safe haven. As the "Voice of the Atlantic," home in the exclusive judge Wallin being perceived "(USA) South we do not have black problem, we have a white problem." From the perspective of time, slavery has long been out of the stage of history, but its impact - a variant on racial discrimination - in the twenty-first century still exists. If the white mainstream society does not correctly treat the history of trafficking in slaves, then there will be more whites with blacks as victims. White man in his exile home and find home is a reflection of the situation facing humanity.
In order to better express "cross the river" theme, Phillips used a series of narrative techniques, which constitute the broader sense of the word "cross", which is the subject of Chapter IV. For clarity, I will fall into two broad categories of narrative skills: one voice class, such as polyphony, the master narrative and the slave narrative, ventriloquism, Phillips is with these skills to tap the oblivion of sound. To the "voice" in contrast, the author of the other technique is known as "text", such as intertextuality and travel literature. Phillips is the use of these techniques blur the boundaries of fiction and non-fiction, the text gets himself linked with the previous text. All of this revolves around the common theme: people cross the river to try to establish their homes.
Through the above analysis, the author concluded that: people lost their homes to cross the river through the difficult process of rebuilding their homes Phillips's work reflects the difficulties faced by mankind. As the exchanges between countries, population migration is becoming more frequent, and is a multi-directional multi-site back and forth. As the complexity of the background of people cross the river, which makes Phillips's work has a cross-cultural world view. Therefore, cross the river to explore the human condition, that is, discrete slaves, followed by immigration and internal migration of whites, to encourage people to rethink the nation, nationalism, national, and based this on people's identity. Is discrete and the flow of immigrants, migration of people are always in the journey, and continue to cross geographic, cultural and psychological boundaries. Their identity is no longer a single, but has been in construction, which remained stable for the devout Englishman as good as the concept is a great challenge. As outsiders, Phillips tried to home country within the British wanting to silence the cries of the white community by enlightening, I hope people to pay attention to this special group of people to cross the river. Works mentioned in the abstract of individual white-friendly move, but did not benefit black people, black and white to better improve the confrontation between the efforts of both sides, perhaps later to be explored. So who is still in the creation of a strong period of young writers is necessary, especially his sense of history and race affect more and more readers. "Crossing" of history like a never ending river, flows from the past today, but also the flow of the future, people coming and going cross the river, fell in front of, behind the still continuously cross the river. Review the history, but also to the true face of history, listen to the voice of many oppressed, breaking the traditional understanding of the limitations, this may be attributable to resolve the current difficulties with the way home.Degree Year: 2009
Caryl Phillips (1958 -) was born in the Caribbean. He began his writing career writing plays, novels but then his achievements over the theater. So far, Phillips created a dozen novels, four plays, two screenplays and a radio, three non-fiction anthology, two anthologies, and he has done editing, is the "Guardian", "The Times Literary Supplement Review "and other Neodymium Magnets newspapers and magazines before. Most of his works, especially fiction has won various awards, including "distant shores" (2003), a book to be a four awards; widely praised by Neodymium Magnets, called his masterpiece the "crossing" (1993) received the 1993 Booker nominated by the British in 1994, James Tate Black Memorial Prize. Phillips is not only an excellent English writing of black writers, and has become a prolific writer, writing a wide area, no wonder "The New York Times" commented that he "Phillips has proven itself as the best among his contemporaries best and most prolific writers, "called him" one of the giants of literature of our time. "
In the former British colony from the writers, Caryl Phillips is a contemporary English literature in a pivotal figure, with his works, especially novels, he updated from the form to the theme is essentially a realist, but occasionally and hints that narrow-mindedness of literary tradition. He inherited this innovation from the West Indies on the same generation immigrant writers of literary spirit, such as Wilson Harris, George Fleming and Samuel Russell who, but from the Caribbean writers, in addition to VS Naipaul, the Phillips is another earlier been recognized as belonging to English literature "mainstream" writers.
Phillips's contribution to the English literature mainly in two aspects. Phillips is one aspect of the novel, the story of debris like to replace the traditional linear narrative, with cascading past and present, associated with different locations, this just reflects the fragmented in a discrete, dislocation of people's living conditions. If Phillips early novels with autobiographical elements are also regarded as a complete story, although interspersed with a "flashback", then his later novels are isolated from each other but directly to the rich sound and lyrical juxtaposition . These voices because of gender, race, class and time reasons, isolation from each other, but they also have a common experience pain and failure, and future harbor http://www.everbeenmagnet.com/en/products/110-sintered -neodymium-magnetsAn instinctive expectations. The second aspect http://www.everbeenmagnet.com/en/products/110-sintered-neodymium-magnets is the theme of the novel Phillips broaden the field of British fiction, the existing social order into question, while emphasizing the long neglected by the British novel intrinsic heterogeneity. Phillips's novel concerns the exclusion of the traditional characters of history, to reproduce a deliberate cover up the history of Western society, such as the transatlantic slave trade, the real history. Before the 1990s the British novel, slavery and the "other" in the UK are either deliberately ignored or are treated as secondary issues, but they work in the Phillips has become a core issue. Phillips works with the theme of innovation in the form properly reflects the impact on him, reflects his attachment with the existing traditional detached, this tradition is the United Kingdom, Africa, the United States, but also the Caribbean.
Although Phillips has made no small achievement, but he does not seem to win the attention they deserve. This of course works with the theme of the present Phillips readers too "old" factor, but the main reason may be due to the author's identity: as the descendants of Africa, Phillips was born in the Caribbean, longer than the UK, now residing in the United States. For four hands hold the identity of this card, Phillips repeatedly complained about his home everywhere, but there is no ownership of the situation: "I know this place, I feel like at home, but I do not belong here, I is here one, but not a member here. "In fact, Phillips's own situation, especially his non-stop cross-border acts of a perfect reflection of the survival status of blacks. In addition, although the novel "crossing" the highly acclaimed, won the Booker Prize nomination, but it is not the final winner, so the average reader's attention to his relatively small also makes sense.
Phillips works in the read, based on the author found that "cross the river" is one of the recurring themes, and cross the river directly affect the behavior of the subsequent fate of the characters, regardless of the motivation of people to cross the river, their family's love and the pursuit of a similar . Cross the river on the behavior of both the mean time, another space, meaning that most people have the experience to cross the river, so the crossing is a real sense, there are also a metaphor meaning across racial boundaries. Phillips at home and abroad for academic research, the author notes, foreign academic works have five, two domestic master's thesis, an academic article, there is no doctoral dissertations and monographs. I read the criticism of books and articles, in addition to Phillips, I wrote an article entitled "Crossing borders", as well as one commentator wrote an article for its echoes of the articles, and no other article or paper of "crossing" the human condition. This paper analyzes cross the river before crossing the expectations of people, crossing the suffering of course, after crossing the experience and outcome, as well as a broader sense to cross the river, cross the river reveals the universality of this paper is the first innovation.
The pursuit of their homes has been the subject of literary works, works of Phillips is no exception. Although in his view, the home is "the mystery of the same problems," he said more than once, "Where are you from?" To "problematic issues", and "with password", but worth noting is that the authors work with him personally to the characters, as in the search for a "home" of the true meaning. Work of the people are mostly based on tragedy, although they will eventually revealed a little hope in the desolate, and the author is still in the old Central Atlantic, "Triangle" shuttle, left his birth (West Indies), raising He (UK) where, to settle in the United States. His home everywhere, but nowhere was home, which is perhaps a true portrayal of people cross the river. Cross the river is a never ending flow of the process, even if a person fell, the family behind the reserve army is still looking forward to forward to one day be the "sovereign state" to. Most of the commentary about the pain of displacement of people cross the river, but did not address the relentless pursuit of their homes, so from the perspective of people cross the river to focus on the pursuit of their homes, this is the second innovation.
Therefore, this paper in order to "cross the river" as the starting point, combined with text and related theories, from four to analyze characters and identity in the pursuit of home ownership on the face of difficulties. They are the slaves in slavery under the difficult loss of their homes and rebuild their homes, immigrants "British dream" search, the white cross the river, as well as in a broader sense of the crossing.
The first chapter discusses the papers earlier black cross the river, that across the Atlantic slave trade of Africans forced to cross the river. History is Phillips has been the focus of attention, especially the history of slavery. The first part of the first analysis of Phillips in the late twentieth century restatement of the purpose of trafficking in slaves. In Phillips seems, slavery is still by far a we wish to avoid the subject, so Phillips is committed to mining was rejected by the official history of the various voices, the voices of both slaves, including plantation owners daughter's voice. More than just the history of black slavery, it is also the history of whites. The second part traces the history of slavery. For the period infamous slave history, Britain has not the courage to admit their own role, but tried to cover up and deny, in fact, Phillips seems that perhaps the British society of the "root of all evil", it is also From the beginning of slavery, only after the steady flow of people British Empire their expectations towards the land - the United Kingdom. The third part of the detailed analysis of the Phillips works in the living conditions of slaves. It is driven by easy profits, forcing the innocent slave trade does not belong to the Africans embarked on a journey across the Atlantic, like "crossing" as depicted in their carry his father's expectations of Africa, such as broken branches difficult in a foreign land to grow. Part IV explores the legacy of slavery, including racism and non-whites in the twenty-first century to face the problem of national identity, the anxiety of contemporary Britain can be found there from the root of slavery, but people between these two explore the relationship is not enough, it is slavery which led Phillips to repeat this history.
Thought-provoking, the descendants of slaves who not only did not take away from their ancestors, so that they can not meet the colonists forever, but are they as a magnet to attract a camel, a sovereign state began to dream trip This is the second chapter to be explored. This chapter begins with a brief review of that part of the famous "Imperial Feng Chi Road" (Windrush) ship transporting immigration history. British government and take on the forgotten history of one of the means is to take the "Imperial Feng Chi number," ship of that generation immigrants coming as the first black to reach the UK, thereby denying blacks the shameful history of trafficking, to exclude outsiders out purposes. But since ancient times, continental Europe, especially Britain, the pace of foreign people have never stopped, either because of the motivation to reap huge profits, or ease the shortage of labor demand, the United Kingdom "Please enter" the outsiders - are trafficked slaves and the fifties and sixties of the Caribbean immigrants, the prosperity of the British Empire are made extraordinary contributions, but their dedication has not been recognized, and their "existence" is regarded as some of the social problems root cause. The second part of the contact Phillips's own experience, especially for the "origin" the sensitive issue of distress, indicating that cross the river have no place to take root in the cracks situation. The author summarizes the Phillips image of the novel kinds of immigrants, why has the sovereign power may be so attractive to the two from Mircea Eliade, where to find the time to explain the concept. In essence, the plight of people cross the river from the evils of Western colonialism, colonial plunder wealth, to replace the colonial legacy of Western culture, the vulnerability of historical and cultural traditions, as long as the culture is gone, the people destined to become a tree without roots wood, cosmopolitan, and everywhere homeless. This chapter also tap the tragic fate of the reasons for people to cross the river: one being the exclusion of the sovereign state, on the other hand, because he abandoned the home, even if it is back home, could not find a sense of belonging. Which Phillips proposed a "Atlantic House" concept, which reflects the immigration dilemma.
The third chapter was devoted to the white man "crossing" situation. Like "crossing" in the show, not just the crowd to cross the river including black, white also in the crossing, although the situation is different with the black. In the course of the black slave trafficking victims is no doubt, they may not realize that white people did not survive. Cut off the homes of black slaves, at the edge of the white man is equally hard to return home, they had similar experiences with blacks. I have read the article did not comment on that white people cross the river, this is the thesis of the third innovation. This paper traces the first Europeans to cross the river of history, interests, driven by ocean-going sailing under the banner name of spread of civilization, but in fact turned into a vassal state of his country's colonial history, which is Europe's economic prosperity has laid a solid foundation. Then cross the river into the white paper analyzes the "dark place" here refers to an African or Caribbean - course, it is in this "land of darkness," they found their identity and embarrassment of the situation back home is difficult; more tragic is to cross the river themselves but also their white compatriots, victims of racial discrimination, the reason they helpless in their own country on the move, wandering around, it is also trying to find a safe haven. As the "Voice of the Atlantic," home in the exclusive judge Wallin being perceived "(USA) South we do not have black problem, we have a white problem." From the perspective of time, slavery has long been out of the stage of history, but its impact - a variant on racial discrimination - in the twenty-first century still exists. If the white mainstream society does not correctly treat the history of trafficking in slaves, then there will be more whites with blacks as victims. White man in his exile home and find home is a reflection of the situation facing humanity.
In order to better express "cross the river" theme, Phillips used a series of narrative techniques, which constitute the broader sense of the word "cross", which is the subject of Chapter IV. For clarity, I will fall into two broad categories of narrative skills: one voice class, such as polyphony, the master narrative and the slave narrative, ventriloquism, Phillips is with these skills to tap the oblivion of sound. To the "voice" in contrast, the author of the other technique is known as "text", such as intertextuality and travel literature. Phillips is the use of these techniques blur the boundaries of fiction and non-fiction, the text gets himself linked with the previous text. All of this revolves around the common theme: people cross the river to try to establish their homes.
Through the above analysis, the author concluded that: people lost their homes to cross the river through the difficult process of rebuilding their homes Phillips's work reflects the difficulties faced by mankind. As the exchanges between countries, population migration is becoming more frequent, and is a multi-directional multi-site back and forth. As the complexity of the background of people cross the river, which makes Phillips's work has a cross-cultural world view. Therefore, cross the river to explore the human condition, that is, discrete slaves, followed by immigration and internal migration of whites, to encourage people to rethink the nation, nationalism, national, and based this on people's identity. Is discrete and the flow of immigrants, migration of people are always in the journey, and continue to cross geographic, cultural and psychological boundaries. Their identity is no longer a single, but has been in construction, which remained stable for the devout Englishman as good as the concept is a great challenge. As outsiders, Phillips tried to home country within the British wanting to silence the cries of the white community by enlightening, I hope people to pay attention to this special group of people to cross the river. Works mentioned in the abstract of individual white-friendly move, but did not benefit black people, black and white to better improve the confrontation between the efforts of both sides, perhaps later to be explored. So who is still in the creation of a strong period of young writers is necessary, especially his sense of history and race affect more and more readers. "Crossing" of history like a never ending river, flows from the past today, but also the flow of the future, people coming and going cross the river, fell in front of, behind the still continuously cross the river. Review the history, but also to the true face of history, listen to the voice of many oppressed, breaking the traditional understanding of the limitations, this may be attributable to resolve the current difficulties with the way home.Degree Year: 2009
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