"crossing" and the pursuit of the home

Title: "crossing" and the pursuit of the homeAuthor: Li YongmeiDegree-granting units: Shandong UniversityKeywords: Caryl Phillips;; cross the river;; home;; historical narrative;; slavery;; immigrationSummary:


 Caryl Phillips (1958 -) was born in the Caribbean. He began his writing career writing plays, novels but then his achievements over the theater. So far, Phillips created a dozen novels, four plays, two screenplays and a radio, three non-fiction anthology, two anthologies, and he has done editing, is the "Guardian", "The Times Literary Supplement Review "and other Neodymium Magnets newspapers and magazines before. Most of his works, especially fiction has won various awards, including "distant shores" (2003), a book to be a four awards; widely praised by Neodymium Magnets, called his masterpiece the "crossing" (1993) received the 1993 Booker nominated by the British in 1994, James Tate Black Memorial Prize. Phillips is not only an excellent English writing of black writers, and has become a prolific writer, writing a wide area, no wonder "The New York Times" commented that he "Phillips has proven itself as the best among his contemporaries best and most prolific writers, "called him" one of the giants of literature of our time. "


 In the former British colony from the writers, Caryl Phillips is a contemporary English literature in a pivotal figure, with his works, especially novels, he updated from the form to the theme is essentially a realist, but occasionally and hints that narrow-mindedness of literary tradition. He inherited this innovation from the West Indies on the same generation immigrant writers of literary spirit, such as Wilson Harris, George Fleming and Samuel Russell who, but from the Caribbean writers, in addition to VS Naipaul, the Phillips is another earlier been recognized as belonging to English literature "mainstream" writers.


 Phillips's contribution to the English literature mainly in two aspects. Phillips is one aspect of the novel, the story of debris like to replace the traditional linear narrative, with cascading past and present, associated with different locations, this just reflects the fragmented in a discrete, dislocation of people's living conditions. If Phillips early novels with autobiographical elements are also regarded as a complete story, although interspersed with a "flashback", then his later novels are isolated from each other but directly to the rich sound and lyrical juxtaposition . These voices because of gender, race, class and time reasons, isolation from each other, but they also have a common experience pain and failure, and future harbor http://www.everbeenmagnet.com/en/products/110-sintered -neodymium-magnetsAn instinctive expectations. The second aspect http://www.everbeenmagnet.com/en/products/110-sintered-neodymium-magnets is the theme of the novel Phillips broaden the field of British fiction, the existing social order into question, while emphasizing the long neglected by the British novel intrinsic heterogeneity. Phillips's novel concerns the exclusion of the traditional characters of history, to reproduce a deliberate cover up the history of Western society, such as the transatlantic slave trade, the real history. Before the 1990s the British novel, slavery and the "other" in the UK are either deliberately ignored or are treated as secondary issues, but they work in the Phillips has become a core issue. Phillips works with the theme of innovation in the form properly reflects the impact on him, reflects his attachment with the existing traditional detached, this tradition is the United Kingdom, Africa, the United States, but also the Caribbean.


 Although Phillips has made no small achievement, but he does not seem to win the attention they deserve. This of course works with the theme of the present Phillips readers too "old" factor, but the main reason may be due to the author's identity: as the descendants of Africa, Phillips was born in the Caribbean, longer than the UK, now residing in the United States. For four hands hold the identity of this card, Phillips repeatedly complained about his home everywhere, but there is no ownership of the situation: "I know this place, I feel like at home, but I do not belong here, I is here one, but not a member here. "In fact, Phillips's own situation, especially his non-stop cross-border acts of a perfect reflection of the survival status of blacks. In addition, although the novel "crossing" the highly acclaimed, won the Booker Prize nomination, but it is not the final winner, so the average reader's attention to his relatively small also makes sense.


 Phillips works in the read, based on the author found that "cross the river" is one of the recurring themes, and cross the river directly affect the behavior of the subsequent fate of the characters, regardless of the motivation of people to cross the river, their family's love and the pursuit of a similar . Cross the river on the behavior of both the mean time, another space, meaning that most people have the experience to cross the river, so the crossing is a real sense, there are also a metaphor meaning across racial boundaries. Phillips at home and abroad for academic research, the author notes, foreign academic works have five, two domestic master's thesis, an academic article, there is no doctoral dissertations and monographs. I read the criticism of books and articles, in addition to Phillips, I wrote an article entitled "Crossing borders", as well as one commentator wrote an article for its echoes of the articles, and no other article or paper of "crossing" the human condition. This paper analyzes cross the river before crossing the expectations of people, crossing the suffering of course, after crossing the experience and outcome, as well as a broader sense to cross the river, cross the river reveals the universality of this paper is the first innovation.


 The pursuit of their homes has been the subject of literary works, works of Phillips is no exception. Although in his view, the home is "the mystery of the same problems," he said more than once, "Where are you from?" To "problematic issues", and "with password", but worth noting is that the authors work with him personally to the characters, as in the search for a "home" of the true meaning. Work of the people are mostly based on tragedy, although they will eventually revealed a little hope in the desolate, and the author is still in the old Central Atlantic, "Triangle" shuttle, left his birth (West Indies), raising He (UK) where, to settle in the United States. His home everywhere, but nowhere was home, which is perhaps a true portrayal of people cross the river. Cross the river is a never ending flow of the process, even if a person fell, the family behind the reserve army is still looking forward to forward to one day be the "sovereign state" to. Most of the commentary about the pain of displacement of people cross the river, but did not address the relentless pursuit of their homes, so from the perspective of people cross the river to focus on the pursuit of their homes, this is the second innovation.


 Therefore, this paper in order to "cross the river" as the starting point, combined with text and related theories, from four to analyze characters and identity in the pursuit of home ownership on the face of difficulties. They are the slaves in slavery under the difficult loss of their homes and rebuild their homes, immigrants "British dream" search, the white cross the river, as well as in a broader sense of the crossing.


 The first chapter discusses the papers earlier black cross the river, that across the Atlantic slave trade of Africans forced to cross the river. History is Phillips has been the focus of attention, especially the history of slavery. The first part of the first analysis of Phillips in the late twentieth century restatement of the purpose of trafficking in slaves. In Phillips seems, slavery is still by far a we wish to avoid the subject, so Phillips is committed to mining was rejected by the official history of the various voices, the voices of both slaves, including plantation owners daughter's voice. More than just the history of black slavery, it is also the history of whites. The second part traces the history of slavery. For the period infamous slave history, Britain has not the courage to admit their own role, but tried to cover up and deny, in fact, Phillips seems that perhaps the British society of the "root of all evil", it is also From the beginning of slavery, only after the steady flow of people British Empire their expectations towards the land - the United Kingdom. The third part of the detailed analysis of the Phillips works in the living conditions of slaves. It is driven by easy profits, forcing the innocent slave trade does not belong to the Africans embarked on a journey across the Atlantic, like "crossing" as depicted in their carry his father's expectations of Africa, such as broken branches difficult in a foreign land to grow. Part IV explores the legacy of slavery, including racism and non-whites in the twenty-first century to face the problem of national identity, the anxiety of contemporary Britain can be found there from the root of slavery, but people between these two explore the relationship is not enough, it is slavery which led Phillips to repeat this history.


 Thought-provoking, the descendants of slaves who not only did not take away from their ancestors, so that they can not meet the colonists forever, but are they as a magnet to attract a camel, a sovereign state began to dream trip This is the second chapter to be explored. This chapter begins with a brief review of that part of the famous "Imperial Feng Chi Road" (Windrush) ship transporting immigration history. British government and take on the forgotten history of one of the means is to take the "Imperial Feng Chi number," ship of that generation immigrants coming as the first black to reach the UK, thereby denying blacks the shameful history of trafficking, to exclude outsiders out purposes. But since ancient times, continental Europe, especially Britain, the pace of foreign people have never stopped, either because of the motivation to reap huge profits, or ease the shortage of labor demand, the United Kingdom "Please enter" the outsiders - are trafficked slaves and the fifties and sixties of the Caribbean immigrants, the prosperity of the British Empire are made extraordinary contributions, but their dedication has not been recognized, and their "existence" is regarded as some of the social problems root cause. The second part of the contact Phillips's own experience, especially for the "origin" the sensitive issue of distress, indicating that cross the river have no place to take root in the cracks situation. The author summarizes the Phillips image of the novel kinds of immigrants, why has the sovereign power may be so attractive to the two from Mircea Eliade, where to find the time to explain the concept. In essence, the plight of people cross the river from the evils of Western colonialism, colonial plunder wealth, to replace the colonial legacy of Western culture, the vulnerability of historical and cultural traditions, as long as the culture is gone, the people destined to become a tree without roots wood, cosmopolitan, and everywhere homeless. This chapter also tap the tragic fate of the reasons for people to cross the river: one being the exclusion of the sovereign state, on the other hand, because he abandoned the home, even if it is back home, could not find a sense of belonging. Which Phillips proposed a "Atlantic House" concept, which reflects the immigration dilemma.


 The third chapter was devoted to the white man "crossing" situation. Like "crossing" in the show, not just the crowd to cross the river including black, white also in the crossing, although the situation is different with the black. In the course of the black slave trafficking victims is no doubt, they may not realize that white people did not survive. Cut off the homes of black slaves, at the edge of the white man is equally hard to return home, they had similar experiences with blacks. I have read the article did not comment on that white people cross the river, this is the thesis of the third innovation. This paper traces the first Europeans to cross the river of history, interests, driven by ocean-going sailing under the banner name of spread of civilization, but in fact turned into a vassal state of his country's colonial history, which is Europe's economic prosperity has laid a solid foundation. Then cross the river into the white paper analyzes the "dark place" here refers to an African or Caribbean - course, it is in this "land of darkness," they found their identity and embarrassment of the situation back home is difficult; more tragic is to cross the river themselves but also their white compatriots, victims of racial discrimination, the reason they helpless in their own country on the move, wandering around, it is also trying to find a safe haven. As the "Voice of the Atlantic," home in the exclusive judge Wallin being perceived "(USA) South we do not have black problem, we have a white problem." From the perspective of time, slavery has long been out of the stage of history, but its impact - a variant on racial discrimination - in the twenty-first century still exists. If the white mainstream society does not correctly treat the history of trafficking in slaves, then there will be more whites with blacks as victims. White man in his exile home and find home is a reflection of the situation facing humanity.


 In order to better express "cross the river" theme, Phillips used a series of narrative techniques, which constitute the broader sense of the word "cross", which is the subject of Chapter IV. For clarity, I will fall into two broad categories of narrative skills: one voice class, such as polyphony, the master narrative and the slave narrative, ventriloquism, Phillips is with these skills to tap the oblivion of sound. To the "voice" in contrast, the author of the other technique is known as "text", such as intertextuality and travel literature. Phillips is the use of these techniques blur the boundaries of fiction and non-fiction, the text gets himself linked with the previous text. All of this revolves around the common theme: people cross the river to try to establish their homes.


 Through the above analysis, the author concluded that: people lost their homes to cross the river through the difficult process of rebuilding their homes Phillips's work reflects the difficulties faced by mankind. As the exchanges between countries, population migration is becoming more frequent, and is a multi-directional multi-site back and forth. As the complexity of the background of people cross the river, which makes Phillips's work has a cross-cultural world view. Therefore, cross the river to explore the human condition, that is, discrete slaves, followed by immigration and internal migration of whites, to encourage people to rethink the nation, nationalism, national, and based this on people's identity. Is discrete and the flow of immigrants, migration of people are always in the journey, and continue to cross geographic, cultural and psychological boundaries. Their identity is no longer a single, but has been in construction, which remained stable for the devout Englishman as good as the concept is a great challenge. As outsiders, Phillips tried to home country within the British wanting to silence the cries of the white community by enlightening, I hope people to pay attention to this special group of people to cross the river. Works mentioned in the abstract of individual white-friendly move, but did not benefit black people, black and white to better improve the confrontation between the efforts of both sides, perhaps later to be explored. So who is still in the creation of a strong period of young writers is necessary, especially his sense of history and race affect more and more readers. "Crossing" of history like a never ending river, flows from the past today, but also the flow of the future, people coming and going cross the river, fell in front of, behind the still continuously cross the river. Review the history, but also to the true face of history, listen to the voice of many oppressed, breaking the traditional understanding of the limitations, this may be attributable to resolve the current difficulties with the way home.Degree Year: 2009